Table 1.

Properties and applications of exopolysaccharides.

	Properties	Applications	Refs.
Exopolysaccharides
Xanthan	Coating Emulsifying properties Thickening agent High viscosity at low shear rates Freeze-thaw stability Odorless	Foods Petroleum industry Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics and personal care products Agriculture	[167], [168]
Gellan	Hydrocolloid Stability over wide pH range Gelling capacity Thermoreversible gels Adhesive Versatile texture High clarity Dispersibility Biocompatibility	Foods Pet food Pharmaceuticals Research: agar substitute and gel electrophoresis	[168], [169]
Alginate	Hydrocolloid Gelling capacity Film-forming Stabilizer Thickening agent Foam stabilizer	Foods Medicine -Surgical dressings -Wound management -Controlled drug release	[169], [170]
Cellulose	High crystallinityInsolubility in most solvents High tensile strength Moldability	Foods Biomedical -Wound healing -Tissue engineered blood vessels	[171], [172]
Dextran	Non-ionic Good stability Newtonian fluid behavior Improve moisture retention and viscosity Low solubility in water Antigenic properties	Foods Pharmaceutical industry Chromatographic media	[173]
Levan	Low viscosity High water solubility Anti-tumor activity Anti-inflammatory Adhesive strength Film-forming capacity Biocompatibility	Food (prebiotic) Feed Medicines Cosmetics Industry	[174], [175]
Proteins
Amyloids	Polymerization Adhesive Bioflocculants	Building blocks for nanostructures, nanosensors and nanotubes. Amyloid-based gels in cell adhesion and wound healing Drug delivery systems	[131], [132], [135]
BslA	Hydrophobicity	Food and cosmetic industries as stabilizers	[124]
Extracellular DNA
eDNA	Easy digestion	Biomedicine	[157], [166], [159]
	Negative charge	Forensic (eukaryotic eDNA)