Table 1.

Summary of included studies.

Mechanical stimulation		Magnitude	Model	Species	Reference(s)
Fluid flow shear stress	Oscillating	10 dynes/cm2	In vitro	MLO-Y4	[21, [23], [24], [25], 27, 28, 31]
				Primary murine bone cell	[39]
		Other than 10 ​dyn/cm2, ranging from 2 to 35 ​dyn/cm2	In vitro	MLO-Y4	[29, 33, 38, 40, 45]
				Ocy454	[22,30]
	Single pulse	310ul/s,	In vitro	MLO-Y4,	[26]
		30 ​dyne		Isolated primary osteocyte	[41]
		1 ​V 10 ​Hz	In situ	C57 femur	[43]
Stretch		2–5 ​Hz	In vitro	MLO-Y4	[23,37]
				IDG-SW3	[34]
Compressive axial load		2–3 ​N, 2 ​Hz, 120 cycles	In vivo	C57	[[37], [38], [39]]
		2 ​N, 2 ​Hz, 100 cycles			[40]
		4–8 ​N	In situ	C57 tibia	[44]
Physiological load		N/A	In situ	C57 femur	[42]
		N/A	Clinical	Human spine and iliac crest	[45]
Drop medium		1–140 ​dyn/cm2	In vitro	MLO-Y4	[20]
Spectrin disruption		N/A	In vitro	MLO-Y4	[35]