Table 1.
Participant characteristics as a function of mealtime phone use patternsa.
| Characteristic | Chronic mealtime phone users (n=22) | Regular mealtime phone users (n=107) | Test statistic (P value) |
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| Observed mealtime phone use | |||||||||
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Proportion of meals with phone use | 59.83 (11.77) | 20.31 (13.73) | –12.58 (<.001)b |
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| Demographicsc | |||||||||
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Age (years) | 22.45 (2.44) | 21.52 (1.96) | –1.94 (.05) |
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Gender, n (%) | 0.18 (.67)d |
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Female | 17 (77.27) | 78 (72.90) |
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Male | 5 (22.73) | 29 (27.10) |
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Ethnicity, n (%) | 2.51 (.64)d |
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Chinese | 19 (86.36) | 91 (85.05) |
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Malay | 0 (0.00) | 4 (3.74) |
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Indian | 1 (4.55) | 4 (3.74) |
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Eurasian | 1 (4.55) | 1 (0.93) |
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Others | 1 (4.55) | 7 (6.54) |
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Phone brand, n (%) | 2.63 (.62)d |
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Apple | 15 (68.18) | 74 (69.16) |
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Samsung | 4 (18.18) | 19 (17.76) |
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Others | 3 (13.64) | 14 (13.08) |
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| Health-related variablesc | |||||||||
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BMI | 20.18 (2.27) | 21.04 (2.88) | 1.31 (.19) |
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Frequency of vigorous physical activity, n (%) | 0.30 (.86)d |
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0-2 times/week | 15 (0.68) | 68 (63.55) |
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3-4 times/week | 6 (27.27) | 31 (28.97) |
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5-7 times/week | 1 (4.55) | 8 (7.48) |
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| Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnairec | |||||||||
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Restrained eating score | 2.30 (0.66) | 2.48 (0.83) | 0.95 (.34) |
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Emotional eating score | 2.50 (0.96) | 2.61 (0.80) | 0.56 (.58) |
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External eating score | 3.39 (0.62) | 3.32 (0.54) | 0.57 (.57) |
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| Self-reported phone use habitsc | |||||||||
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Social phone functions engaged in | ||||||||
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Messaging or social networking | 4.86 (0.35) | 4.89 (0.32) | 0.32 (.75) |
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Emailing | 3.82 (1.05) | 3.60 (1.12) | –0.85 (.40) |
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Sharing photos or videos | 3.50 (1.34) | 3.56 (1.15) | –0.19 (.85) |
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Talking on the phone | 2.73 (1.32) | 2.65 (1.30) | –0.24 (.81) |
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Nonsocial phone functions engaged in | ||||||||
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Browsing websites | 4.50 (0.60) | 4.36 (0.79) | –0.76 (.45) |
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Watching videos | 4.55 (0.51) | 4.01 (1.08) | 2.28 (.02) |
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Taking photos / videos | 3.91 (1.07) | 4.07 (0.96) | 0.68 (.50) |
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Listening to music | 3.82 (1.14) | 4.04 (1.13) | 0.83 (.41) |
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Playing games | 2.82 (1.76) | 2.58 (1.43) | 0.80 (.43) |
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Typical context for phone use | ||||||||
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Idle time | 4.82 (0.40) | 4.67 (0.47) | –1.35 (.18) |
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During commute | 4.73 (0.55) | 4.55 (0.76) | –1.04 (.30) |
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While waiting in line | 4.64 (0.49) | 4.50 (0.69) | –0.85 (.40) |
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In bed before falling asleep | 4.64 (0.73) | 4.35 (0.98) | –1.31 (.20) |
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In bed when waking up | 4.23 (1.02) | 4.09 (1.15) | –0.51 (.62) |
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During meals | 4.09 (0.61) | 3.67 (1.00) | –1.89 (.06) |
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In the toilet | 3.45 (1.57) | 3.66 (1.30) | 0.66 (.51) |
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During class time | 3.32 (1.29) | 3.18 (1.11) | –0.53 (.60) |
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In the middle of the night | 2.55 (1.54) | 2.31 (1.22) | –0.79 (.43) |
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Social networking involvement | ||||||||
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Number of Instagram followers | 413.0 (243.81) | 534.3 (735.23) | 0.71 (.48) |
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Number of Instagram accounts followed | 598.3 (471.74) | 487.1 (261.84) | –1.45 (.15) |
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aUnless otherwise stated, the data are reported as means (SD), and the test statistic refers to the t statistic.
bItalics indicate P value <.05.
cBased on responses to the baseline questionnaires.
dChi-square statistic reported.