Table III.

Results of ultraviolet (UV) light interventions on SARS-CoV-2 in included studies

Reference	Virus	UV source	Intensity (irradiance)	Distance	Exposure time	Outcome	Results
Heilingloh et al. [49]	SARS-CoV-2 in liquid suspension	UV-4 S/L light source (UVC 254 nm and UVA 365 nm)	1,940 μW/cm2 (UVC) and 540 μW/cm2 (UVA)	3 cm	1.4 min	Infectivity	50% inactivation
					9 min	Viral titre reduction, by TCID50	Complete inactivation
			Radiant exposure: UVA dose 292 mJ/cm2	3 cm	9 min	Viral titre reduction, by TCID50	Partial inactivation
Inagaki et al. [41]	SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2/Hu/DP/Kng/19–027) in liquid suspension	Deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED)	3.75 mW/cm2	2 cm	1 s	Infectivity, by CPE	4.7*103 pfu/mL, 87.4% reduction
					10 s	Infectivity, by CPE	2.7*101 pfu/mL, 99.9% reduction
					20 s	Infectivity, by CPE	6.7 pfu/mL, >99.9% reduction
					30 s	Infectivity, by CPE	<20 pfu/mL, >99.9% reduction
Kitagawa et al. [43]	SARS-CoV-2 in liquid suspension	222-nm Kr–Cl excimer lamp module	0.1 mW/cm2	24 cm	10 s	Viral titre by TCID50	2.34 ± 0.86 × 103, TCID50/mL, 0.94 log reduction
					30 s	Viral titre by TCID50	6.32 ± 0.0 × 101, TCID50/mL, 2.51 log reduction (undetectable levels)
					10 s	RNA copy number by RTq-PCR	5.75 ± 0.82 × 107 copies/test
					30 s	RNA copy number by RTq-PCR	3.41 ± 1.08 × 107 copies/test
					60 s	RNA copy number by RTq-PCR	2.95 ± 0.41 × 107 copies/test
					300 s	RNA copy number by RTq-PCR	3.03 ± 1.73 × 107 copies/test
Ratnesar-Shumate et al. [38]	SARS-Cov-2 (USA-WA1/2020) in simulated saliva	Solar simulator with a xenon arc lamp	1.6 W/m2 UVB	Not reported	6.8 min	Inactivation rate, by TCID50	90% inactivation
			0.7 W/m2 UVB	Not reported	8 min	Inactivation rate, by TCID50	90% inactivation
			0.3 W/m2 UVB	Not reported	12.8 min	Inactivation rate, by TCID50	90% inactivation
	SARS-Cov-2 (USA-WA1/2020) in growth medium (gMEM)	Solar simulator with a xenon arc lamp	1.6 W/m2 UVB	Not reported	14.3 min	Inactivation rate, by TCID50	90% inactivation
			0.7 W/m2 UVB	Not reported	17.6 min	Inactivation rate, by TCID50	90% inactivation
Sabino et al. [50]	SARS-CoV-2 in liquid suspension	Mercury UVC lamp (254 nm)	0.016 mJ/cm2 (2.2 mW/cm2)	30 cm	0.01 s	Inactivation, by lethal dose	LD90 (viral inactivation 90%)
			108.714 mJ/cm2 (2.2 mW/cm2)	30 cm	49.42 s	Inactivation, by lethal dose	LD99 (viral inactivation 99.999%)
Simmons et al. [39]	SARS-CoV-2 prepared in liquid suspension and dried on the test surface	PX-UV robot model PXUV4D	Not reported	1 m	1 min	Decrease of infectivity titre, by plaque assay	2.67 pfu/mL (log10), 99.97% reduction
					2 min	Decrease of infectivity titre, by plaque assay	<1.66 pfu/mL (log10), >99.997% reduction
					5 min	Decrease of infectivity titre, by plaque assay	<2.08 pfu/mL (log10), >99.992% reduction

CPE, cytopathic effect; LD, lethal dose; pfu, plaque-forming unit; RTqPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; TCID₅₀, 50% tissue culture infectious dose; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.