Table 1.
Summary of mainly studies reporting mcr-1 gene in Latin America.
| Period of the study | Country | Source of Isolate | Total Isolates (mcr-carried) | Species | Plasmid Type | Sequence Type (ST) | Genetic Context | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20002016 | Brazil | Fecal samples-chicken and swine (Production Animals) | 515 (16) | E. coli | (15) | |||
| 20022016 | Colombia | Urine vaginal secretion blood stool tissue right toe leg secretion abdomen abscess (Human) | 513 (12) |
E. coli S. enterica Typhimurium K. pneumoniae |
IncP-1 IncFII IncHI1 IncH |
E. coli (ST10, ST37, ST101, ST744, ST1263, ST3056, and ST6627) S. Typhimurium (ST34) K. pneumoniae (ST307) |
ISApl1-mcr-1-pap2 (IncP-1) mcr-1-pap2 (IncP-1) |
(17) |
| 20082016 | Argentina | Urine, blood, abdomen, abscess, bone (Human) | 87 (9) | E. coli | (13) | |||
| 2012 | Argentina | Fecal samples - Kelp gulls penguin (Wild Animal) | 50 (5) | E. coli | IncI2 | ST101 and ST744 | ISApl1-mcr-1 | (14) |
| 20122018 | Argentina | Urine, blood, other samples (Human) | 192 (192) | E. coli | IncHI2 IncX4 | ST10, ST156, ST354, ST8492, ST5208 | (37) | |
| 2013 | Bolivia | Potatoes (Food) | 83 (1) | C. braakii | IncI2 | (16) | ||
| 2013 | Argentina | Fecal samplesChicken (Production Animals) | 10 (10) | E. coli | IncI2 | ST155 (CC10: ST10, ST1141 and ST1286), ST617, ST10, ST410, ST1011, ST1408 | ISApI1-mcr-1.5-pap2- ISApI1 | (33) |
| 20132014 | Ecuador | Feceschicken (Production Animals) | 176 (6) | E. coli | (24) | |||
| 20132016 | Brazil | Meat Poultry (Food) | 60 (2) | Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund | IncX4 | ST96 | parA and hypothetical protein upstream mcr-1 and pap2 downstream | (44) |
| 20132017 | Chile | Urine (Human) | 13 (1) | E. coli | IncI2 | ST4204 (CC10) | mcr-1 was delimited upstream by a gene that encodes a pap2 protein and downstream by a relaxase-encoding gene (nikB) | (18) |
| 2014 | Argentina | Clinical samples - dogs and cats (Pets) | 54 (1) | E. coli | IncI2 | ST770 | mcr-1 was delimited upstream by nikB gene which encodes a relaxase and pap2 downstream | (31) |
| 20142017 | Brazil | Pork carcasses (Food) | 490 (8) | S. enterica serovar Typhimurium | IncX4 | ST19 ST4556 ST50 | mcr-1 was delimited upstream by IS26 and hypothetical protein and pap2 downstream | (26) |
| 2015 | Venezuela | Fecal samples (Human and Animal) | 93 (2) | E. coli | IncI2 | ST452 and ST19 | Absence of ISApl1 | (23) |
| 2015 | Mexico | Swine stool samples (Production Animal) | 1 (1) | E. coli | Incp0111 | ST744 | ISApl1 upstream mcr-1 gene | (22) |
| 20152016 | Brazil | Rectal swab and urine (Human) | 140 (2) | E. coli | IncX4 | ST206 and ST354 | mcr-1 was delimited upstream by IS26 and hypothetical protein and pap2 downstream | (46) |
| 2016 | Brazil | Seawater (Environment) | 11 (3) | E. coli | IncX4 | (36) | ||
| 2016 | Ecuador | Fecal swabs and soil fecal from chicken and two dogs (Domestic Animals) | 42 (3) | E. coli | IncI2 | ST3941, ST1630, ST2170 | mcr-1 was delimited upstream by nikB gene and pap2 downstream | (32) |
| 2016 | Brazil | Rectal swab (Human) | 3 (3) | E. coli and K. pneumoniae | IncX4 | E. coli ST744 and K. pneumoniae ST101 | (38) | |
| 2016 | Bolivia | Fecal samples (Human) | 337 (173) | E. coli, C. europaeus, E. hormaechei | IncI2 and IncHI1 (E. coli); Citrobacter and Enterobacter (IncI2) | E. coli (ST48, ST744, ST10, ST206, ST2705, ST2936, ST1286, ST7,570, ST69, ST10, ST117, ST711, ST7571, ST3056) | mcr-1-pap (IncI2) mcr-1.5-pap ISApl1 (IncHI1) ISApl1-mcr-1-pap-ISApl1 (IncHI1) | (27) |
| 20162017 | Paraguay | Urine and feces (Human) | 150 (7) | K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and S. Schwarzengrund | (20) | |||
| 2017 | Brazil | Water Sample from a mangrove (Environment) | 1 (1) | E. coli | IncX4 | (39) | ||
| 2017 | Uruguay | Blood, rectal swab, and urine (Human) | 3 (3) | E. coli | IncI2 e IncX4 | ST10, ST93, and ST5442 | (19) | |
| 2017 | Peru | Urine (Human) | 10 (7) | E. coli | (21) | |||
| 2019 | Brazil | Fecal sample and Water from Zoo (Wild Animal and Environment) | 27 (5) | (28) | ||||
| 2020 | Brazil | Blood, urine, and peritoneal fluid (Human) | 100 (2) | E. coli and K. pneumoniae | IncX4 | ST471/ST410 (E. coli) and ST15 (K. pneumoniae) | (29) |
: No data.