Mesoscale Discovery binding assays to common cold CoVs. MSD antibody binding responses from NHPs challenged twice with SARS-CoV-2 virus (A), vaccinated with a SARS-CoV-2 spike-expressing Ad26 vaccine and then challenged with SARS-CoV-2 virus (B), or primed and boosted with SARS-COV-2 spike-expressing DNA vaccines and then challenged with SARS-CoV-2 (C). Responses were measured against the full-length spike (S) protein of 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1. Postvaccination and postchallenge time points are all ≥2 weeks after vaccination/challenge.