Table 1.

Risk factors and protective factors associated with penile cancer

Risk factors	Protective factors
Smoking (OR: 2.3) [11]	Circumcision (OR: 1.0) [11, 20, 21]
Inflammatory conditions (OR:3.9) [12]	Conservative sexual behavior (OR: 1.0) [13]
Phimosis (OR: 11.4) [13]	High educational level (OR: 0.7) [13]
HPV infection (OR: 2.3) [14]
Obesity (OR: 1.53) [15, 16]
Multiple sexual partners (OR: 2.4) [13]
Low disposable income (OR: 1.26) [17]
Previous ultraviolet photo-chemotherapy (PUVA) (OR: 58.8) [18]
HIV (IRR 3.9–8.0) [19]

OR odds ratio, IRR incidence rate ratio