Table 1.
Comparison of cases and controls with a regard to demographic factors, body mass index, nutrient intake and food groups
| Variables | Case (n = 514) | Control (n = 582) | P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic migraine (%) | 54.28 | – | – |
| Episodic migraine (%) | 45.71 | – | – |
| Female (%) | 485 (94.4%) | 550 (94.5%) | 0.91 |
| Age (years) | 36.21 ± 9.79 | 44.85 ± 13.85 | < 0.001* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.91 ± 4.75 | 28.12 ± 4.80 | < 0.001* |
| Nutrient intake | |||
| Total energy (kcal) | 2201.78 ± 691.33 | 2175.24 ± 550.89 | 0.480 |
| Total carbohydrate (g) | 240.69 ± 114.20 | 236.58 ± 71.82 | 0.471 |
| Total protein (g) | 89.77 ± 24.03 | 92.10 ± 26.33 | 0.127 |
| Total animal protein (g) | 42.58 ± 15.42 | 37.34 ± 15.08 | < 0.001* |
| Total plant protein (g) | 33.69 ± 12.73 | 39.71 ± 13.69 | < 0.001* |
| Total fat (g) | 114.88 ± 118.78 | 84.74 ± 32.50 | < 0.001* |
| Na (mg/day) | 1564.89 ± 655.93 | 1644.94 ± 910.24 | 0.099 |
| Food groups | |||
| Whole grains (g/day) | 35.00 ± 47.47 | 47.44 ± 67.02 | < 0.001* |
| Refined grains (g/day) | 327.30 ± 172.03 | 392.54 ± 169.21 | < 0.001* |
| Total sugar (g/day) | 69.11 ± 106.95 | 59.03 ± 67.48 | 0.059 |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 311.62 ± 178.74 | 388.13 ± 199.19 | < 0.001* |
| Fruit (g/day) | 774.21 ± 835.23 | 372.94 ± 181.36 | < 0.001* |
| Nuts(g/day) | 11.97 ± 19.11 | 10.87 ± 16.12 | 0.300 |
| Dairy (g/day) | 346.78 ± 201.34 | 300.43 ± 178.16 | < 0.001* |
| Red meat (g/day) | 29.95 ± 25.95 | 28.73 ± 21.03 | 0.390 |
| Processed meat (g/day) | 9.60 ± 14.48 | 3.98 ± 7.27 | < 0.001* |
| Fish (g/day) | 9.51 ± 9.66 | 9.08 ± 11.71 | 0.502 |
| Poultry and eggs (g/day) | 59.42 ± 33.43 | 48.17 ± 32.19 | < 0.001* |
Values in table are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or frequency (number) with the percentage in parentheses, as appropriate for the variable
*Significant difference at P < 0.05 between the case and control groups
aP value according to t test or Chi-squared test