Table 2.
Baseline characteristics and dietary intakes of study participants according to the tertiles of dietary acid load
| Variablesb | Dietary PRAL (mEq/d) | Dietary NEAP (mEq/d) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | Pa | T1 | T2 | T3 | Pa | |
| Age | 41.79 ± 12.99 | 41.60 ± 12.86 | 38.95 ± 12.53* | 0.004 | 42.6 ± 13.19 | 39.8 ± 12.43* | 39.8 ± 12.76* | 0.004 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.82 ± 4.53 | 27.66 ± 5.21* | 26.80 ± 4.89 | 0.029 | 26.8 ± 4.60 | 27.4 ± 5.14 | 26.9 ± 4.92 | 0.217 |
| Nutrient intake | ||||||||
| Total energy (kcal) | 2402 ± 716 | 1970 ± 533* | 2189 ± 514* | < 0.001 | 2316 ± 744 | 2087 ± 546* | 2159 ± 526* | < 0.001 |
| Total carbohydrate (g) | 285.6 ± 111.8 | 210.5 ± 72.7* | 219.2 ± 73.6* | < 0.001 | 274.1 ± 117.5 | 221.3 ± 72.9* | 220.1 ± 74.6* | < 0.001 |
| Total protein (g) | 92.8 ± 27.5 | 83 ± 22.8* | 97.1 ± 23.1* | < 0.001 | 88.4 ± 27.4 | 89.6 ± 24.0 | 94.9 ± 23.8* | 0.001 |
| Total animal protein (g) | 41.2 ± 16.4 | 36.5 ± 13.3* | 41.6 ± 15.8 | < 0.001 | 40.4 ± 15.8 | 39.7 ± 14.4 | 39.2 ± 16.0 | 0.610 |
| Total plant protein (g) | 41.1 ± 14.6 | 33.5 ± 12.5* | 35.8 ± 12.3* | < 0.001 | 38.6 ± 15.0 | 36.0 ± 12.9* | 35.9 ± 12.5* | 0.013 |
| Total fat (g) | 94.0 ± 38.2 | 83.8 ± 48.2 | 118.7 ± 133.4* | < 0.001 | 91.6 ± 36.9 | 90.2 ± 57.0 | 114.7 ± 131.3* | < 0.001 |
| Na (mg/day) | 1838.1 ± 895.7 | 1476.6 ± 741.5* | 1506.7 ± 705.8* | < 0.001 | 1739.8 ± 842.1 | 1635.3 ± 852.5 | 1446.8 ± 671.7* | < 0.001 |
| Food groups | ||||||||
| Whole grains (g/day) | 37.4 ± 51.1 | 44.1 ± 61.6 | 43.2 ± 63.2 | 0.252 | 33.4 ± 46.2 | 46.4 ± 58.9* | 44.9 ± 68.8* | 0.005 |
| Refined grains (g/day) | 293.4 ± 162.6 | 333.9 ± 144.7* | 458.6 ± 168.0* | 0.000 | 269.4 ± 151.4 | 352.0 ± 144.3* | 464.3 ± 166.1* | < 0.001 |
| Total sugar (g/day) | 40.8 ± 53.8 | 53.0 ± 73.1 | 97.3 ± 115.9** | < .0001 | 39.3 ± 53.7 | 59.9 ± 79.0 | 91.9 ± 113.5* | < 0.001 |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 463.4 ± 217.9 | 356.4 ± 155.9* | 236.5 ± 122.1* | < 0.001 | 454.4 ± 216.1 | 364.1 ± 166.3* | 238.0 ± 120.8* | < 0.001 |
| Fruit (g/day) | 1047.7 ± 859.4 | 387.0 ± 178.7* | 247.2 ± 128.6* | < 0.001 | 1027.6 ± 868.6 | 410.1 ± 212.7* | 246.0 ± 125.3* | < 0.001 |
| Nuts(g/day) | 18.2 ± 21.8 | 8.9 ± 16.4* | 6.9 ± 10.4* | < 0.001 | 18.3 ± 23.3 | 9.8 ± 15.0* | 6.0 ± 9.0* | < 0.001 |
| Dairy (g/day) | 383.3 ± 233.0 | 301.6 ± 165.5 | 281.3 ± 147.3* | < 0.001 | 385.1 ± 232.0 | 320.3 ± 166.9* | 261.0 ± 141.0* | 0.000 |
| Red meat (g/day) | 30.5 ± 22.5 | 25.7 ± 21.5* | 31.6 ± 25.7 | 0.002 | 29.1 ± 22.3 | 28.3 ± 22.8 | 30.3 ± 25.1 | 0.490 |
| Processed meat (g/day) | 4.2 ± 8.4 | 4.4 ± 8.3 | 11.1 ± 15.2* | < 0.001 | 3.6 ± 6.8 | 5.7 ± 10.2* | 10.4 ± 15.0* | 0.000 |
| Fish (g/day) | 9.5 ± 12.2 | 8.4 ± 10.1 | 9.9 ± 9.8 | 0.142 | 8.9 ± 11.7 | 9.5 ± 10.8 | 9.3 ± 9.7 | 0.708 |
| Poultry and eggs (g/d) | 53.0 ± 32.5 | 48.5 ± 28.7 | 58.6 ± 37.2 | < 0.001 | 51.8 ± 31.5 | 52.9 ± 30.5 | 55.5 ± 37.2 | 0.311 |
Values in table are presented as the mean ± SD
NEAP Net endogenous acid production, PRAL potential renal acid load, T tertile
*Signficant different from value(s) in the lower tertile(s) at P < 0.05 by post hoc analyses
aAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) test for variables