Table 1.

Definitions for the land use category.

Land use category	Definition
Primary	Relatively undisturbed natural habitat
Secondary	Recovering, previously disturbed natural habitat
Pasture	Land used for the grazing of livestock
Production - Arable	Land used for crop production (e.g., wheat, rice, corn)
Production - Plantations crops	Land used for plantations crops (e.g., coffee, vineyards, oil palm)
Production – Wood plantations	Land used for timber production (e.g., teak)
Urban	Land converted to dense urban settlement
Unknown	If the land use is not given or is not clear

The land use classification was based on the Land-use Harmonization dataset^30,31, to map to the original classification system, ‘Production – Wood plantations’ and ‘Production – Plantation crops’ would be ‘Secondary’ and ‘Production – Arable’ would be ‘Cropland’.