Table 1.
List of prenatal and childhood exposures assessed in this study.
| Exposure Group | List of variables | Preg. | Child | Where(buffer) - Matrix | Sampling pregnancy period | Sampling childhood period | Methoda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| External general environment | Atmospheric pollutants | NO2, PM2.5, PM10, PMabs | 4 | 4 | Home | Pregnancy | Annual average | LUR model | |
| UV | Ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels | 0 | 1 | Home(300 m) | Pregnancy | Month | Average of satelite images | ||
| Surrounding natural spaces | Presence of a major green or blue space in a distance of 300 m, NDVI | 3 | 6 | Home/ School(green and blue 300 m; NDVI 100 m) | Pregnancy | Childhood | Spatial analysis of GIS layers | ||
| Meteorology | Temperature, humidity, pressure | 3 | 2 | Home | Pregnancy | Month | Weather stations | ||
| Built environment | Population and building density, street connectivity, accessibility and facility richnessb, walkability | 9 | 15 | Home/ School(300 m) | Pregnancy | Childhood | Spatial analysis of GIS layers | ||
| Road traffic | Traffic density and inverse distances to nearest roads | 3 | 5 | Home/ School(100 m) | Pregnancy | Childhood | LUR model | ||
| Road traffic noise | 24 h and evening time road noise levels | 1 | 3 | Home/ School | Pregnancy | Childhood | Local noise map + LUR model | ||
| External individual environment (contaminants) | OCs | DDE,DDT,HCB,PCB(118,138,153,170,180) | 8 | 9 | Serum/Plasma | Trim 1 | Childhood | GC–MS/MS | |
| PBDE | PBDE(47,153) | 2 | 2 | Serum/Plasma | Trim 1 | Childhood | GC–MS/MS | ||
| PFAS | PFOA, PFNA,PFUNDA,PFHxS,PFOS | 5 | 5 | Serum/Plasma/Blood | Trim 1 | Childhood | LC-MS/SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS | ||
| Metals and elements | As,Cd,Co,Cs,Cu,Hg,Mn,Pb | 10 | 10 | Whole and cord blood | Trim 1 and 3 | Childhood | Q-ICP-MS,AAS | ||
| Phthalates | MEP,MiBP,MnBP,MBzP,MEHP,MEHHP,MEOHP,MECPP,OHMiNP,OXOMiNP | 10 | 11 | Urinec | Trim 1 and 3 | Childhood | HPLC-MS | ||
| Phenols | MEPA,ETPA,BPA,PRPA,BUPA,OXBE,TRCS | 7 | 7 | Urinec | Pregnancy | Childhood | HPLC-MS | ||
| OPs | DMP,DMTP,DMDTP,DEP,DETP,DEDTP | 4 | 5 | Urinec | Pregnancy | Childhood | UPLC-MS | ||
| Tobacco smoking | Cotinine, questionaire on active and passive | 4 | 3 | Urinec, questionaire | Pregnancy | Childhood | Immulite® 2000 Nicotine | ||
| Water DBPs | THM, Choloroform, Brominated THMs | 3 | 0 | Home | Pregnancy | – | Multivariate + Spatial model | ||
| Indoor AP | NO2, TEX, Benzene, PM2.5, PMabs | 0 | 5 | Home | – | 1 week × 2 24 h × 2 | Passive samples + Multivariate model | ||
| Other | Lifestyle | Diet, physical activity - Only in pregnancy: alcohol - Only in childhood: allergy, sleep |
12 | 26 | Questionaires | Pregnancy | Childhood | – | |
| Social-economic capital | Family affluence, social contact, house crowding | 0 | 4 | ||||||
| Total | 211 | 88 | 123 | ||||||
Abbreviations used: NO2: nitrogen dioxide; PM2.5: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of<2.5 μm; PM10: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of<10 μm; PM2.5abs: absorbance of PM2.5 filters; TEX: toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene; DDE: 4,4′dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene; DDT: 4,4′dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; HCB: hexachlorobenzene; PCB: polychlorinated biphenyl – 118, 138, 153, 170, 180; PBDE 47, 2,2′,4,4′-tetra-bromodiphenyl ether, PBDE 153: 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexa-bromodiphenyl ether; PFOA: perfluorooctanoate; PFNA: perfluorononanoate; PFUNDA: perfluoroundecanoate; PFHxS: perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFOS: perfluorooctane sulfonate; As: arsenic; Cd: cadmium; Co: cobalt; Cs: ceasium; Cu: copper; Hg: mercury; Mn: manganese; Mo: molybdenum; Pb: lead; Tl: thallium; MEP: monoethyl phthalate; MiBP: mono-iso-butyl phthalate; MnBP: mono-n-butyl phthalate; MBzP: mono benzyl phthalate; MEHP: mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; MEHHP: mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate; MEOHP: mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate; MECPP: mono-2-ethyl 5-carboxypentyl phthalate; OHMiNP: mono-4-methyl-7-hydroxyoctyl phthalate; OXOMiNP: mono-4-methyl-7-oxooctyl phthalate; MEPA: methyl paraben; ETPA: ethyl paraben; BPA: bisphenol A; PRPA: propyl paraben; BUPA: N-butyl paraben; OXBE: oxybenzone; TRCS: triclosan; DMP: dimethyl phosphate: DMTP: dimethyl thiophosphate; DMDTP: dimethyl dithiophosphate; DEP: diethyl phosphate; DETP: diethyl thiophosphate; DEDTP: diethyl dithiophosphate; THMs: trihalomethanes.
Exposure assessment methods for each variable are described in Annex 1.
Excluded from childhood exposome due to very high correlation with facility density (r > 0.9).
During childhood, the urine sample analysed was a pool of equal amounts of two spot urine samples collected at bed time the day before and in the morning the day of the clinical examination.