Table 4.

Assessment Methods Used to Evaluate Empathy

Type of assessment, and who they were utilised by	Assessment tool	Studies that used the tool
Quantitative self-rated	Jefferson Scale of Empathy	[1, 2, 4, 5, 8–12, 14, 16, 18, 40, 43, 45, 48, 52, 61, 65, 68, 69, 71–73, 75, 80, 81, 87–91, 94, 96, 100, 104, 106, 108, 113, 114, 117, 118, 122, 124, 127, 131–133, 137, 139–141, 142, 148, 149, 152]
	Interpersonal Reactivity Index	[48, 49, 52, 67, 74, 78, 93, 101, 112, 114]
	Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale	[12, 45, 74, 93, 110, 123]
	Toronto Empathy Questionnaire	[18, 47, 49]
	Adapted Empathy Construct Rating Scale	[74, 95, 110]
	Empathy Quotient	[85]
	Groningen Reflection Ability Scale	[78]
	Ekman Facial Decoding Test	[12, 45]
	Social Empathy Index	[82, 84]
	Self-developed Tools	[3, 17, 54, 66, 107, 133, 138, 141, 142, 143, 145]
	Empathic Tendency Scale	[60, 79, 109, 146]
Quantitative assessor- based	Consultation and Relational Empathy measure	[6, 10, 12, 18, 45, 97, 104, 115, 131]
	Jefferson Scale of Patient Perceptions of Physician Empathy	[40, 43, 88, 131]
	Standardised Patient Feedback Form – Part II	[69]
	Quality of Communication through Patient’s Eyes	[6]
	Modified Barret-Lenard Relationship Inventory	[58, 98]
	Self-developed assessment of patient-rated empathy	[38]
Quantitative observer-based	Truax Accurate Empathy Scale	[19, 58, 121]
	Roter’s Interaction Analysis System	[39]
	Empathy Skill Scale	[79]
	Empathy Communication Skill Scale	[60]
	Empathic Communication Coding System	[15, 117, 120]
	Well’s Empathic Communication Test	[116]
	Index of Facilitative Discrimination	[116]
	Modified Scoring Tool used in Theatre Department	[119]
	ComSkill Coding System	[77]
Qualitative observer-based	Interviews	[6, 41, 70, 112]
	Group discussion	[5, 101, 110, 112, 122]
	Evaluation of reflective writing, narratives, or blogs submitted by participants	[9, 43, 51, 55, 63, 66, 75, 84, 103, 133, 142, 153]
	Analysis of artwork	[92, 139]
	Thematic analysis of SP interviews	[13, 42, 50, 64, 77, 99, 119]
	Self-developed questionnaire	[62]
	Qualitative survey feedback	[3, 70]