Fig. 7.

Production of MCETs in response to intra/extracellular bacteria. a After being phagocytosed, L. monocytogenes become trapped in the phagosome. Listeriolysin becomes activated at the acidic pH of the phagosome and lyses it, allowing L. monocytogenes to escape into the cytosol. MCs in return release a wide spectrum of cytokines and chemokines and produce MCETs. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) stimulates the production of MCETs with LL-37 playing a crucial role in the structure and function of the extracellular traps. b S. aureus induces the production of MCETs; however, it uses a molecular mechanism to evade elimination by MCETs in that it induces its phagocytosis into the MC cytoplasm through interaction of FnBPA/FnBPB on S. aureus with fibronectin (as bridging molecule) and α5Β1 on MCs. Additionally, TLR2 and MyD88 play a role in recognition and signaling, respectively, when MCs are exposed to E. faecalis and produce MCETs in response