Table 3.

The main receptors and chemicals that are capable of inducing the formation of MCETs

Chemical inducers of MCET formation	Specification, mechanism, and involved diseases	Ref
phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)	• Primarily was isolated from unripe fruit of Sapium indicum (a mangrove plant from Euphorbiaceae family). PMA is a highly pro-inflammatory agent and tumor promoter.	[138]
	• As a general protocol, treatment of MCs with PMA before infection stimulates the production of MCETs.	[12]
Glucose oxidase	• Catalyzes the production of H2O2	[12]
Cytokines as inducers of MCET formation		Ref
IL-23	• induces MC degranulation and production of MCET in human skin and induces the release of IL-17 which is involved in psoriasis	[134]
IL-1β	• induces MC degranulation and production of MCET in human skin and induces the release of IL-17 which is involved in psoriasis	[134]
Receptors involved in MCET formation		Ref
Dectin-1?	• MCs recognize the presence of fungi including candida mainly using Dectin-1 dependent pathway and this receptor has been previously shown to have a role in NETosis and production. It is likely that Dectin-1 may have a similar role in production of MCETs	[27, 139]
TLR-2?	• MCETs formation is dependent on NADPH oxidase mediated production of ROS, and TLR-2 signaling plays a role in production of ROS. It is now clear that neutrophils recognize several pathogens using TLR-2 and produce NETs in turn; since MCs express TLR-2, the receptor is likely involved in production of MCETs, but it has not been specifically investigated.	[140, 141]