Table 1.
Characteristics of Analytic Samples for Critical Illness According to Type of Functional Outcome
| Overall * | Functional Recovery | Functional Decline | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic b | N=250 | Yes N=169 | No N=81 | P-value | Yes N=212 | No N=38 | P-value |
| Age in years, mean ± sd | 82.3 ± 5.7 | 81.9 ± 5.7 | 83.1 ± 5.6 | .125 | 82.2 ± 5.8 | 82.4 ± 5.4 | .840 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 146 (58.4) | 98 (58.0) | 48 (59.3) | .848 | 124 (58.5) | 22 (57.9) | .945 |
| Non-Hispanic white, n (%) | 220 (88.0) | 146 (86.4) | 74 (91.4) | .258 | 185 (87.3) | 35 (92.1) | .397 |
| Lives alone, n (%) | 98 (39.2) | 66 (39.1) | 32 (39.5) | .945 | 83 (39.2) | 15 (39.5) | .970 |
| Education in years, mean ± sd | 12.0 ± 2.8 | 12.1 ± 2.9 | 11.9 ± 2.7 | .621 | 12.0 ± 2.8 | 11.9 ± 2.9 | .915 |
| Number of chronic conditions c, mean ± sd | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | .024 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | .123 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± sd | 26.2 ± 5.2 | 26.4 ± 5.4 | 25.6 ± 4.9 | .237 | 26.2 ± 5.3 | 25.9 ± 5.2 | .777 |
| Cognitive impairment d, n (%) | 44 (17.6) | 26 (15.4) | 18 (22.2) | .184 | 37 (17.5) | 7 (18.4) | .885 |
| Depressive symptoms e, n (%) | 43 (17.2) | 26 (15.4) | 17 (21.0) | .271 | 38 (17.9) | 5 (13.2) | .473 |
| Functional self-efficacy f, mean ± sd | 27.2 ± 8.9 | 28.5 ± 8.8 | 24.5 ± 8.6 | .001 | 27.0 ± 8.7 | 28.5 ± 9.8 | .353 |
| Hearing impairment g, n (%) | 80 (32.0) | 46 (27.2) | 34 (42.0) | .019 | 69 (32.6) | 11 (29.0) | .661 |
| Visual impairment h, n (%) | 116 (46.4) | 73 (43.2) | 43 (53.1) | .142 | 98 (46.2) | 18 (47.4) | .897 |
| Frailty phenotype i, n (%) | .015 | .291 | |||||
| Non-frail | 33 (13.2) | 28 (16.6) | 5 (6.2) | 27 (12.7) | 6 (15.8) | ||
| Pre-frail | 109 (43.6) | 77 (45.6) | 32 (39.5) | 89 (42.0) | 20 (52.6) | ||
| Frail | 108 (43.2) | 64 (37.9) | 44 (54.3) | 96 (45.3) | 12 (31.6) | ||
| Number of disabilities j, mean ± sd | 4.1 ± 3.3 | 3.6 ± 3.2 | 5.0 ± 3.3 | .002 | 4.1 ± 3.2 | 3.8 ± 4.0 | .600 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 29 (11.7) | 20 (11.8) | 9 (11.3) | .893 | 24 (11.3) | 5 (13.5) | .701 |
| Length of ICU stay, days, mean ± sd | 3.0 ± 4.3 | 2.8 ± 4.6 | 3.4 ± 3.6 | .253 | 2.9 ± 4.5 | 3.1 ± 2.8 | .841 |
Abbreviation: ICU, intensive care unit; sd, standard deviation.
The 250 observations were contributed by 209 community-living participants, who survived to their first interview after hospital discharge.
Data on chronic conditions, body mass index, cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, functional self-efficacy, hearing and visual impairment, and frailty phenotype were collected during the prior comprehensive assessment, while data on number of disabilities were collected during the prior monthly interview.
Included hypertension, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, hip fracture, chronic lung disease, and cancer.
Defined as score < 24 on Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination.
Defined as score ≥ 20 on Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale.
Score on the Modified Self-Efficacy Scale: 0 (low) to 40 (high), where higher scores indicate greater confidence performing activities (19).
Assessed using a handheld Audioscope, with severe impairment defined as 4 out of 4 tones missed, based on 1000- and 2000-Hz measurements for the left and right ears (20).
Defined as ≥ 5% when assessed with a Jaeger card and use of corrective lenses, if applicable (7).
Based on number of frailty criteria met (22).
Of 13 possible: 4 essential, 5 instrumental, and 4 mobility.