Figure 1.

Empirical power from the simulation study by scenario across R = 2000 samples based on sample sizes (A) n_deff and (B) n_rct from Table 2. Empirical power is the proportion of simulated samples in which the p-value for testing H₀ : β₁ = 0 versus H₁ : β₁ ≠ 0 was less than α = 0.05 for the MSM E(Y_a) = β₀ +β₁a. (Scenario 5c excludes 2 and 5 simulations for (A) and (B), respectively, in which the geex package failed to converge when estimating the standard error of $\widehat{ACE}$.)