Table 3.
HIV incidence and determinants of incident HIV infections (Cox models)
| Incident HIV cases/person-years | Incidence/100 person-years (95% CI) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P | aHR | 95% CI | P | ||||
| Adherence to quarterly follow-up visits (%) | 11.6 | (7.1–19.0) | 1 | 1 | |||||
| < 100 | 16/137.4 | 0.69 | 0.39–1.23 | 0.209 | 0.80 | 0.44–1.44 | 0.545 | ||
| 100 | 62/643.4 | 9.6 | (7.5–12.4) | ||||||
| City | |||||||||
| Abidjan | 23/159.8 | 14.4 | (9.6–21.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Bamako | 35/389.7 | 9.0 | (6.4–12.5) | 0.61 | 0.36–1.04 | 0.070 | 0.67 | 0.39–1.16 | 0.156 |
| Ouagadougou | 9/123.7 | 7.3 | (3.8–14.0) | 0.48 | 0.22–1.05 | 0.066 | 0.49 | 0.22–1.07 | 0.073 |
| Lomé | 11/107.6 | 10.2 | (5.6–18.5) | 0.66 | 0.31–1.36 | 0.256 | 0.90 | 0.42–1.91 | 0.783 |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| ≤ 25 | 50/490.4 | 10.2 | (7.7–13.4) | 1 | |||||
| > 25 | 28/290.4 | 9.6 | (6.6–14.0) | 0.94 | 0.59–1.50 | 0.808 | |||
| Educational level | |||||||||
| No school/Koranic | 2/30.4 | 6.6 | (1.6–26.3) | 1 | |||||
| Primary/secondary/university | 68/727.5 | 9.3 | (7.4–11.8) | 1.43 | 0.35–1.03 | 0.615 | |||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Single/divorced/separated/widowed | 50/616.1 | 8.1 | (6.1–10.7) | 1 | |||||
| Married/free union | 20/141.8 | 14.1 | (9.1–21.9) | 1.78 | 1.06–2.99 | 0.030 | |||
| Self-defined sexual orientation | |||||||||
| Transsexual/transgender | 4/17.0 | 23.6 | (8.8–62.7) | 1 | |||||
| Homosexual or gay/heterosexual/bisexual | 67/740.2 | 9.1 | (7.1–11.5) | 0.41 | 0.15–1.13 | 0.084 | |||
| Self-identified gender | |||||||||
| A man/a boy | 39/475.8 | 8.2 | (6.0–11.2) | 1 | |||||
| Other | 34/289.7 | 11.7 | (8.4–16.4) | 1.44 | 0.91–2.28 | 0.123 | |||
| Sexual attraction | |||||||||
| To men | 33/407.1 | 8.1 | (5.8–11.4) | 1 | |||||
| To men and women/to women | 40/366.1 | 10.9 | (8.0–14.9) | 1.34 | 0.84–2.08 | 0.214 | |||
| Condom use during insertive anal sexa | |||||||||
| Consistent | 11/294.3 | 3.7 | (2.1–6.4) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Inconsistent | 27/232.8 | 11.6 | (7.9–16.9) | 2.97 | 2.14–13.31 | 0.003 | 3.09 | 1.51–6.32 | 0.002 |
| No insertive anal sex | 34/242.9 | 14.0 | (10.0–19.6) | 3.72 | 1.97–11.22 | < 0.001 | 3.77 | 1.90–7.50 | < 0.001 |
| Condom use during receptive anal sexa | |||||||||
| Consistent | 25/222.8 | 11. 2 | (7.6–16.6) | 1 | |||||
| Inconsistent | 29/207.0 | 14.0 | (9.7–20.2) | 1.21 | 0.91–3.00 | 0.494 | |||
| No receptive anal sex | 18/340.0 | 5.3 | (3.3–8.4) | 0.46 | 0.23–0.86 | 0.013 | |||
| Received payment (whether financial or other) for transactional sex with male partnersa | |||||||||
| Never | 53/550.3 | 9.6 | (7.4–12.6) | 1 | |||||
| Sometimes | 16/182.5 | 8.8 | (5.4–14.3) | 0.91 | 0.52–1.60 | 0.749 | |||
| Always | 3/20.9 | 14.4 | (4.6–44.6) | 1.49 | 0.46–4.77 | 0.509 | |||
| Provided payment (whether financial or other) for transactional sex with male partnersa | |||||||||
| Never | 67/679.2 | 9.9 | (7.8–12.5) | 1 | |||||
| Sometimes | 5/72.0 | 6.9 | (2.9–16.7) | 0.70 | 0.28–1.74 | 0.442 | |||
| Always | 0/2.5 | – | NC | – | – | ||||
| Group sex with male partnersa | |||||||||
| Never | 62/681.0 | 9.1 | (7.1–11.7) | 1 | |||||
| Once | 6/40.9 | 14.7 | (6.6–32.7) | 1.23 | 0.43–3.47 | 0.697 | |||
| Twice or more | 4/31.8 | 12.6 | (4.7–33.5) | 1.53 | 0.65–3.61 | 0.331 | |||
| Number of male sexual partnersa | |||||||||
| 1–5 | 63/687.0 | 9.2 | (7.2–11.7) | 1 | |||||
| ≥ 6 | 10/88.0 | 11.4 | (6.1–21.1) | 1.26 | 0.65–2.47 | 0.494 | |||
| Received psychological support | |||||||||
| No | 9/120.1 | 7.4 | (3.9–14.3) | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 55/608.7 | 9.0 | (6.9–11.8) | 1.22 | 0.60–2.49 | 0.580 | |||
| History of HIV screening | |||||||||
| Yes | 62/695.0 | 8.9 | (7.0–11.4) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| No | 16/85.7 | 18.7 | (11.4–30.5) | 2.05 | 1.18–3.57 | 0.011 | 2.48 | 1.41–4.36 | 0.002 |
| STI (other than HIV) symptoms | |||||||||
| No | 69/729.4 | 9.4 | (7.5–12.0) | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 5/50.8 | 9.8 | (4.1–23.7) | 1.04 | 0.42–2.58 | 0.935 | |||
Abbreviations: HR hazard ratio, aHR adjusted hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, NC not calculable, STI sexually transmitted infection
aDuring the previous 6 months