Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Study	Country	Study type	COVID-19 status	Sampling	Risk of Bias
Arnold et al. [45]	UK	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases or clinic-radiological diagnosis.	Previously hospitalised
Bongiovanni et al. [21]	Italy	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Carfi et al. [46]	Italy	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Carvalho-Schneider et al. [26]	France	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Daynes et al. [40]	UK	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases or suspected ventilated cases	Previously hospitalised
D'Cruz et al. [31]	UK	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Garrigues et al. [39]	France	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases or CT findings.	Previously hospitalised
Halpin et al. [18]	UK	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Jacobs et al. [24]	USA	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Liu et al. [25]	China	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Liu, Zhang et al. [47]	China	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised	-
Mandal et al. [23]	UK	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Pellaud et al. [48]	Switzerland	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Rahmani et al. [22]	Iran	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases or CT findings	Previously hospitalised
Rosales-Castillo et al. [49]	Spain	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Sonnweber et al. [50]	Austria	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Taboada et al. [51]	Spain	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases in intensive care	Previously hospitalised
Tomasoni et al. [52]	Italy	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases or CT findings	Previously hospitalised
Venturelli et al	Italy	Cohort	RT-PCR or serologically confirmed and suspected cases	Previously hospitalised
Wang et al. [53]	China	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Previously hospitalised
Kingstone et al. [43]	UK	Qualitative	RT-PCR confirmed cases and persistent symptoms in suspected	NS	-
Sollini et al. [20]	Italy	Cohort	Persisting symptoms for >30 days in recovered cases	NS
Blair et al. [54]	USA	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Non-hospitalised
Boscolo-Rizzo et al. [55]	Italy	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Non-hospitalised
Brandao Neto et al. [56]	Brazil	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Non-hospitalised
Chiesa-Estomba et al. [57]	Belgium, France, Spain	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Non-hospitalised
Fjaeldstad et al. [58]	Denmark	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases or suspected cases	Non-hospitalised
Lovato et al. [59]	Italy	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Non-hospitalised
Petersen et al. [41]	Faroe Islands	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Non-hospitalised
Stavem et al. [30]	Norway	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Non-hospitalised
Vaes et al. [60]	The Netherlands & Belgium	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed and suspected cases	Non-hospitalised
Villarreal et al. [61]	Spain	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Non-hospitalised
Darley et al. [62]	Australia	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Mixed
Goertz et al. [28]	The Netherlands & Belgium	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases or suspected cases	Mixed
Hopkins et al. [63]	UK	Cross sectional	RT-PCR or serologically confirmed cases and suspected cases	Mixed
Islam et al. [64]	Bangladesh	Cross sectional	NS	Mixed
Jacobson et al. [29]	USA	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Mixed
Lampl et al. [65]	Germany	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Mixed
Mazza et al. [66]	Italy	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Mixed
Poncet-Megemont et al. [67]	France	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases or CT findings	Mixed
Puntmann et al. [33]	Germany	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Mixed
Townsend et al. [68]	UK	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Mixed
Townsend et al. [69]	UK	Cross sectional	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Mixed
Vaira et al. [70]	Italy	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases	Mixed
van den Borst et al. [42]	The Netherlands	Cohort	RT-PCR confirmed cases and community suspected cases	Mixed

low; medium; high