Table 2.
Summary of study data.
| Study | N | Mean Age, SD (y) | Female (%) | BAME (%) | Mean BMI, SD (kg/m2) | Common comorbidities | Follow-up timepoint | Data collected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arnold et al.[45] | 110 | 60 (46-73)* | 44 | 20·9 | 32·1 | Chronic lung disease, hypertension, DM, CHD | 84 days from admission | Symptom reporting at follow-up clinic, SF-36, WEMWBS |
| Blair et al.[54] | 118 | 56 (50-63)* | 52·5 | 57·6 | 30 (26-30)* | Hypertension, asthma, DM, COPD | 28-60 days | Self-reported symptom questionnaires |
| Bongiovanni et al.[21] | 125 | 65·7 | NS | NS | NS | NS | 19·9 days from discharge | IES-R; PCL-5; ZSDS; BDI-13; STAI; MOS; WHIIRS; OCI scales |
| Boscolo-Rizzo et al.[55] | 187 | 56 (20-89)* | 55·1 | NS | NS | NS | 28 days from diagnosis | Self-reported symptom questionnaires: ARTIQ, SNOT-22 |
| Brandao Neto et al.[56] | 143 | 37·7 | 64·7 | NS | NS | Hypertension, DM, asthma | 76 (66-88)* days | Self-reported symptom questionnaires |
| Carfi et al.[46] | 143 | 56·5 (14·6) | 37·1 | NS | 26·3 (4·4) | Hypertension, Thyroid disorder, Immune disorders, COPD | 60·3 (13·6) days¥ since symptom onset 36·1 (12·9)¥ days since discharge |
Demographics, Covid characteristics, symptom, EuroQoL collected at outpatient visits. |
| Carvalho-Schneider et al.[26] | 130 | 49 (15) | 55·8 | NS | NS | obesity, COPD, CKD, CHD, DM, immune disorder | 30 & 60 days | EHR/phone call collected demographic & symptom data |
| Chiesa-Estomba et al.[57] | 121 | 41 | 63·5 | NS | NS | NS | 47 (30-71)* days from diagnosis | sQOD-NS; self reporting symptoms |
| Darley et al.[62] | 78 | 47 (16) | 34·6 | NS | NS | Hypertension, asthma | 69 (64-83)* days from diagnosis | Self-reported symptom questionnaires |
| Daynes et al.[40] | 131 | 60 (14) | 41·2 | NS | NS | Asthma, COPD | 32 (18) days¥ | Phone call for demographics, CAT, HADS anxiety & depression, FACIT, symptom questionnaires |
| D'Cruz et al.[31] | 119 | 58·7 (14·4)¥ | 38 | 70 | 30·0 (25·9–35·2)* | CHD, COPD, CKD | 61 (51–67) days from discharge | Self-reported symptom questionnaires |
| Fjaeldstad et al.[58] | 109 | 39·4 | 79 | NS | NS | NS | 30 days from symptom onset | Self-reported symptom questionnaires |
| Garrigues et al.[39] | 120 | 63·2 (15·7) | 37·5 | NS | 29·2% normal/underweight 47·5% ≥ overweight |
DM, hypertension | 110·9 (11·1) days¥ following admission | Phone call collected mMRC and EuroQoL questionnaires |
| Goertz et al.[28] | 2113 | 47 (39-54)* | 85 | NS | 25 (23-29)* | NS | 79 (17) days¥ since symptom onset | Demographics, online symptom questionnaires from two long-COVID Facebook groups |
| Halpin et al.[18] | 100 | 70·5 (20-93)*† 58·5 (34-84)*‡ |
48·5 † 40·6‡ |
10·3† 34·4‡ |
36·8% overweight† 17·6% obese† 33·3% overweight‡ 40% Obese‡ |
asthma, COPD, CKD, DM | 48 (10·3) days¥ | Phone call collected symptom questionnaires, EuroQoL, demographics. |
| Hopkins et al.[63] | 434 | NS | 74·9 | NS | NS | NS | 6 months | Self-reported online questionnaires |
| Islam et al.[64] | 1002 | 34·7 (13·9( | 42·1 | NS | 47·3% obese | DM, hypertension, CHD, malignancy, asthma | NS | Self-reported questionnaires |
| Jacobs et al.[24] | 183 | 57 (48-68)* | 38·5 | 45·9 | 30 (27·3-33·5)* | DM, hypertension, CHD, asthma, hyperlipidaemia | 35 (± 5) days from hospital discharge | Email or telephone collected symptom questionnaires |
| Jacobson et al.[29] | 118 | 43·4 (14·4) | 46·6 | 63·6 | 30·4 (6·3) | NS | 119·3 (33)¥ days from diagnosis | Symptom reporting at follow-up clinic |
| Kingstone et al.[43] | 24 | 43·2 | 79·1 | 0 | NS | Asthma, IBD | 3-4 months - not explicitly stated. | Semi-structured interviews |
| Lampl et al.[65] | 419 | 44 (30-57)* | 56·6 | NS | 16·7% obese | NS | 42 days after symptom onset | Phone call collected symptom questionnaires |
| Liu et al.[25] | 675 | 55 (41-66)* | 53 | NS | NS | NS | 37 days from discharge | GAD-7; PHQ-9; PCL-5; self-reported symptom questionnaires |
| Liu, Zhang et al.[47] | 149 | 43 (36-56)* | 55 | NS | NS | Hypertension | 21 days from discharge | CT-imaging |
| Lovato et al.[59] | 121 | 46·7 | 59·5 | NS | NS | NS | 38 (3)¥ days from diagnosis | Phone call collected symptom questionnaires |
| Mandal et al.[23] | 384 | 59·9 | 38 | 43 | NS | Hypertension, DM, Asthma, COPD, CKD, CHD | 54 (57-59) days* | Demographics, biochemistry, imaging; in person or telephone collected follow-up data (symptom, PHQ-2 questionnaire) |
| Mazza et al.[66] | 402 | 57·8 (13·3) | 34·3 | NS | NS | NS | 31 (16)¥ days from discharge | IES-R; PCL-5; ZSDS; BDI-13; STAI; MOS; WHIIRS; OCI scales |
| Pellaud et al.[48] | 196 | 70 (60-80)* | 39 | 20·9% obese | NS | DM, OSA, COPD, CHD, hypertension, cancer | 30 days from symptom onset | Telephone call/EHR collected data. |
| Petersen et al.[41] | 180 | 39·9 (19·4) | 54·5 | NS | NS | Asthma, DM, Hypertension, COPD | 125 (18) days¥ | Telephones & interview collected demographics, baseline & follow-up symptoms, mMRC scale |
| Poncet-Megemont et al.[67] | 139 | 48·5 (15·3) | 62·6 | NS | NS | NS | 79 (17)¥ days from symptom onset | Self-reported symptom questionnaires/semi-structured interviews. |
| Puntmann et al.[33] | 100 | 49 (14) | 47 | NS | 25 (23-28)* | Hypertension, DM, COPD, asthma, CHD | 71 (64-92) days from diagnosis* | Demographics, Cardiac MRI data, hs-CRP, hs-TnT, NT-proBNP |
| Rahmani et al.[22] | 176 | 60 (14) | 46·9 | NS | 26 ± 4* moderate disease 27 ± 4* severe disease |
Hypertension, CHD, DM | 56 days from discharge | Phone call collected symptom questionnaires. |
| Rosales-Castillo et al.[49] | 118 | 60·2 (15·1) | 44·1 | NS | 29·7 (15·1) | Hypercholesterolaemia, DM, COPD, CHD, hypertension | 50·8 (6.02)¥ days from discharge | Specialist discussion at follow-up |
| Stavem et al.[30] | 458 | 4.6 | 56 | NS | 26·9 (5·2) | DM, asthma, arthrosis, COPD, CHD | 117·5 (41-200)* days from diagnosis | Self-reported symptom questionnaires. |
| Sollini et al.[20] | 10 | 58 | 30 | NS | NS | NS | NS | PET/CT results, demographics. |
| Sonnweber et al.[50] | 135 | 57 (14) | 43 | NS | 26 (5) | CHD, hypertension, COPD, asthma, DM | 100 days from diagnosis | Self-reported symptom questionnaires, mMRC scores, clinical review at follow up visits. |
| Taboada et al.[51] | 91 | 65·5 (10·4) | 35·2 | NS | NS | Hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, DM, asthma | 6 months | Interview collected data |
| Tomasoni et al.[52] | 105 | 55 (43-65)* | 27 | NS | NS | NS | 46 (43-48) days* from discharge | Self-reported symptom questionnaire. |
| Townsend et al.[68] | 128 | 49·5 | 53·9 | NS | 28·7 | NS | 72 (62-87) days* | Outpatient appointment, demographics, biochemistry, covid characteristics, symptom questionnaires (CFQ-11) |
| Townsend et al.[69] | 153 | 50·4 (12.8) | 42·5 | 24·8 | NS | NS | 75 (62-117)* days from diagnosis | Self-reported symptom questionnaires |
| Vaes et al.[60] | 1837 | 47 (38-54)* | 86·1 | NS | 25·1 | NS | 79 (17)¥ days from symptom onset | Self-reported symptom diaries and questionnaires. |
| Vaira et al.[70] | 138 | 50·7 | 51·2 (8·8) | 29% obese | NS | Cardiovascular, pulmonary disorder, DM | 60 days from symptom onset | self-reported symptoms; CCCRC test |
| van den Borst et al.[42] | 124 | 59 (14) | 40 | NS | NS | asthma, COPD, CHD, hypertension | 10·0 (1·7) weeks¥ since discharge | Demographics, imaging, laboratory results, mMRC scale, CFS, SF-36, TICCS, PTSS, IES-R, CFQ, HADS questionnaires |
| Venturelli et al | 767 | 63 (13·6) | 32·9 | 22·4% obese | NS | Hypertension, CHD< DM, COPD | 81 (66-106)* days from discharge | Self-reported symptom questionnaires |
| Villarreal et al.[61] | 230 | 43 (18-62)* | 85 | NS | NS | NS | 28 days from symptom onset | VAS symptom scales |
| Wang et al.[53] | 131 | 49 (36-62)* | 55 | NS | NS | hypertension | 28 days from discharge | Self-reported symptom questionnaires |
BAME: Black Asian Minority Ethnic; BMI: body mass index
⁎
median (range); ¥ mean (SD)
†
for ward patients
‡
for intensive care patients; NS: not specified; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; hs-CRP: highly sensitive c-reactive protein; hs-TnT: highly sensitive troponin T; NT-proBNP: of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; mMRC: modified medical research council dyspnoea scale; CFQ-11: Chalder Fatigue Score; EHR: electronic health records; HADS: Hospital anxiety and Depression Scale; FACIT: Functional assessment of chronic illness therapy; CAT: COPD assessment test; IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised; TICS: Telephone Interview of cognitive status; CFS: Cognitive Failure Questionnaire; PTSS: Post traumatic stress syndrome; NCSI: Nijmegen Clinical Screening Instrument; CCCRC: Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center orthonasal olfaction test; ARTIQ: acute respiratory tract infection questionnaire; WEMWBS: Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scales