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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Membr Biol. 2020 Nov 24;254(3):259–271. doi: 10.1007/s00232-020-00158-7

Fig. 1. Examples of localization and signaling of GPCRs from intracellular membranes.

Fig. 1.

In addition to the plasma membrane GPCRs localize and signal through G proteins in compartments along the biosynthetic pathway (solid arrows) and the endolysosomal pathway (dashed arrows). Non-canonical GPCR signaling through G proteins in these membranes can proceed by distinct interactions, such as a PTHR-G protein-arrestin signaling complex, and produce distinct downstream signaling effects, including but not limited to sustained signaling, transcriptional responses, and effects on cell growth, neurotransmission, and the perception of pain.