Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Characteristics | Overall | Normal | Sarcopenia | Severe sarcopenia | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 3810 | N = 3147 | N = 387 | N = 276 | ||
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 61.94(8.01) | 60.84(7.45) | 64.63(7.77) * | 70.70(8.25)*a | < 0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 25.30(3.71) | 26.01(3.51) | 22.08(2.49) * | 21.74(2.80)* | < 0.001 |
| Anthropometric measures | |||||
| ASMI, mean (SD) | 6.65(0.93) | 6.83(0.86) | 5.82(0.67) * | 5.69(0.74)* | < 0.001 |
| Grip strength, mean (SD) | 22.40(8.63) | 23.30(8.72) | 19.86(7.03) * | 15.76(5.35)*a | < 0.001 |
| SPPB, mean (SD) | 10.15(1.75) | 10.36(1.63) | 10.16(1.64) | 7.72(1.30)*a | < 0.001 |
| Gender, N (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 1385(36.4) | 1093(34.7) | 172(44.4) | 120(43.5) | |
| Female | 2425(63.6) | 2054(65.3) | 215(55.6) | 156(56.5) | |
| Ethnics | < 0.001 | ||||
| Han, N (%) | 1667(43.8) | 1311(41.7) | 206(53.2) | 150(54.3) | |
| Tibetan, N (%) | 963(25.3) | 810(25.8) | 92(23.8) | 61(22.1) | |
| Qiang, N (%) | 955(25.1) | 863(27.4) | 60(15.5) | 32(11.6) | |
| Yi, N (%) | 165(4.3) | 112(3.6) | 22(5.7) | 31(11.2) | |
| Others, N (%) | 58(1.5) | 49(1.6) | 7(1.8) | 2(0.7) | |
| Education, N (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Illiterate | 1099(28.8) | 857(27.2) | 116(30.0) | 126(45.7) | |
| Elementary school | 1308(34.3) | 1066(33.9) | 140(36.2) | 102(37.0) | |
| Middle school | 854(22.4) | 740(23.5) | 80(20.7) | 34(12.3) | |
| High school and above | 549(14.4) | 484(15.4) | 51(13.2) | 14(5.1) | |
| Marital status, N (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married | 3229(84.8) | 2710(86.1) | 325(84.0) | 194(70.3) | |
| Single | 581(15.2) | 437(13.9) | 62(16.0) | 82(29.7) | |
| Cognitive function, N (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Complete cognitive function | 3316(87.0) | 2788(88.6) | 330(85.3) | 198(71.7) | |
| Mild impairment | 386(10.1) | 297(9.4) | 45(11.6) | 44(15.9) | |
| Moderate-severe impairment | 108(2.8) | 62(2.0) | 12(3.1) | 34(12.3) | |
| Nutritional status, N (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Malnutrition/nutritional risk | 712(18.7) | 442(14.0) | 141(36.4) | 129(46.7) | |
| Normal | 3098(81.3) | 2705(86.0) | 246(63.6) | 147(53.3) | |
| Life-styles | |||||
| Sleep quality, N (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| PQSI > 5 | 1749(47.5) | 1419(46.6) | 171(45.7) | 159(60.5) | |
| PQSI ≤ 5 | 1933(52.5) | 1626(53.4) | 203(54.3) | 104(39.5) | |
| Smoking history, N (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 666(17.5) | 504(16.1) | 95(24.5) | 67(24.4) | |
| No | 3129(82.5) | 2629(83.9) | 292(75.5) | 208(75.6) | |
| Drinking alcohol, N (%) | 0.978 | ||||
| Yes | 988(25.9) | 814(25.9) | 102(26.4) | 72(26.1) | |
| No | 2821(74.1) | 2332(74.1) | 285(73.6) | 204(73.9) | |
| Number of chronic diseases, N (%) | 0.005 | ||||
| 0 or 1 | 3036(79.7) | 2529(80.4) | 308(79.6) | 199(72.1) | |
| ≥ 2 | 774(20.3) | 618(19.6) | 79(20.4) | 77(27.9) | |
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index; ASMI appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, SPPB short physical performance battery, PQSI Pittsburgh sleep quality index
*P < 0.05 vs. normal
aP < 0.05 vs. sarcopenia