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. 2021 May 10;12:550670. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.550670

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Copyright © 2021 Umeoguaju, Ephraim-Emmanuel, Uba, Bekibele, Chigozie and Orisakwe

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Meta-analysis and forest plot of the effect of HS administration on Edema formation. The meta-analysis was sub-grouped by health status (i.e diseased or healthy state). The standardized mean difference (SMD), which is an estimate of the effect size, is presented as a square on the forest plot, for each study and as a diamond for the pooled estimate of each subgroup or overall studies. The overall pooled SMD for all included studies is shown in the bottom section of the forest plot. SMD data points that are lower than zero signify that treatments with HS lowered the level of the biomarker while those greater than zero signify that HS treatment causes an increase in the levels of the biomarker. The statistical significance of the pooled estimate is indicated by the Z test of significance. LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.