Table 1.

Diagnostic ILD plasma/serum biomarkers.

Biomarker	ILD subtype	Discriminates vs. non-ILD control	Discriminates vs. Other ILD subtype	References
AGE/sRAGE	IPF	+	+ (idiopathic NSIP)	(33)
	CHP	+	+ (idiopathic NSIP)	(33)
Apolipoproteins	IPF		+ (CHP)	(34)
CA 15-3	RA-ILD	+		(35)
CA 19-9	RA-ILD	+		(35)
CA-125	RA-ILD	+		(35)
Calgranulin (S100)	IPF	+		(36)
CC16	IPF	+	+ (CHP, CTD-ILD)	(36, 37)
	SSc-ILD	+		(38)
CCL-2	ILD	+		(39)
	SSc-ILD	+		(40)
CCL-3	SSc-ILD	+		(40)
CCL-11	IPF	+		(41)
CCL-15	CHP	+		(42)
CCL-18	IPF	+		(43)
	SSc-ILD	+		(44, 45)
CD59	IPF	+		(46)
CRP	SSc-ILD	+		(47)
	ILA	+		(48)
CX3CL1	SSc-ILD	+		(49)
CXCL1	IPAF	+	+ (IIP)	(50)
CXCL4	SSc-ILD	+		(51)
CXCL9	CHP	+		(52)
CXCL10	RA-ILD	+		(53)
	SSc-ILD	+		(54)
CXCL13	IPF	+		(55)
E-selectin	SSc-ILD	+		(56, 57)
FAS	IPF	+		(41)
GDF-15	SSc-ILD	+		(58–60)
	ILA	+		(48)
	IPF	+		(61)
ICAM-1	SSc-ILD	+		(62)
	IPF	+		(43)
IGFBP-1/2	IPF	+		(63)
IL-4	SSc-ILD	+		(64)
IL-6	SSc-ILD	+		(65)
IL-8	IPF	+		(66)
IL-10	IPF	+		(66)
IL-12	IPF	+		(66)
	IIM-ILD	+		(67)
IL-12B	IPF	+		(41)
IL-33	SSc-ILD	+		(68)
IL-35	SSc-ILD	+		(69)
KL-6	RA-ILD	+		(70)
	ILD	+		(71)
	CHP	±		(52, 72, 73)
	IPF	+		(39, 74, 75)
	SSc-ILD	+		(44, 56, 74, 76–79)
	CTD-ILD	+		(80)
MMP-degraded Proteins	IPF	+		(81, 82)
MMP-1	IPF	+	+ (CHP, sarcoid)	(41)
	SSc-ILD	–		(83)
MMP-3	IPF	+		(41)
MMP-7	RA-ILD	+		(53, 84)
	IPF	+	+ (CHP, Sarcoid, other IIPs)	(41, 74, 85)
	SSc-ILD	+		(74, 86)
MMP-8	IPF	+		(41)
MMP-9	IPF	+		(41)
MMP-12	SSc-ILD	+		(87)
Napsin A	IPF	+		(75)
Nucleosomes	IPF	+		(88)
PARC	RA-ILD	+		(84)
Periostin	CHP	+		(89)
	IPF	+		(90)
SP-A	IPF	+	+ (NSIP)	(36, 75, 91–93)
	SSc-ILD	+		(94)
SP-D	IPF	+	+ (other IIPs)	(36, 43, 74, 75, 85, 95)
	SSc-ILD	+		(44, 74, 76, 77, 94, 96, 97)
	RA-ILD	+		(84)
TFF-3	IPF	+		(36)
TIMP-1	SSc-ILD	±		(83, 98)
TNFR	IPF	+		(41)
Wnt5a	RA-ILD	+		(99)
YKL-40	CHP	+		(100)
	IPF	+		(101, 102)
	SSc-ILD	+		(103)
	IIM-ILD	+		(104)