Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in the APS and non-APS groups.
| Before PSM (1:20 age–sex matching) | 1:2 PSM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-APS | APS | ASD | Non-APS | APS | ASD | |
| n = 24,900 | n = 1,245 | n = 1,454 | n = 727 | |||
| Sex | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| Female | 19,400 (77.9) | 970 (77.9) | 1,094 (75.2) | 547 (75.2) | ||
| Male | 5,500 (22.1) | 275 (22.1) | 360 (24.8) | 180 (24.8) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.000 | 0.079 | ||||
| <30 | 3,960 (15.9) | 198 (15.9) | 262 (18.0) | 140 (19.3) | ||
| 30–45 | 11,680 (46.9) | 584 (46.9) | 570 (39.2) | 299 (41.1) | ||
| 45–65 | 6,720 (27.0) | 336 (27.0) | 438 (30.1) | 216 (29.7) | ||
| ≥65 | 2,540 (10.2) | 127 (10.2) | 184 (12.7) | 72 (9.9) | ||
| Urbanisation | 0.204 | 0.070 | ||||
| Urban | 8,036 (32.3) | 531 (42.7) | 647 (44.5) | 303 (41.7) | ||
| Suburban | 12,041 (48.4) | 524 (42.1) | 626 (43.1) | 319 (43.9) | ||
| Rural | 4,823 (19.4) | 190 (15.3) | 181 (12.4) | 105 (14.4) | ||
| Low income# | 15,463 (62.1) | 741 (59.5) | 0.053 | 935 (64.3) | 466 (64.1) | 0.004 |
| Length of hospital stay* | 0.598 | 0.054 | ||||
| 0 day | 21,448 (86.1) | 774 (62.2) | 983 (67.6) | 503 (69.2) | ||
| 1–6 days | 2,191 (8.8) | 197 (15.8) | 210 (14.4) | 112 (15.4) | ||
| ≥7 days | 1,261 (5.1) | 274 (22.0) | 261 (18) | 112 (15.4) | ||
| Comorbidities† | ||||||
| No comorbidities | 19,314 (77.6) | 373 (30.0) | <0.001 | 775 (53.3) | 373 (51.3) | 0.131 |
| Comorbidities 1–2 | 4,190 (16.8) | 585 (47) | 470 (32.3) | 264 (36.3) | ||
| Comorbidities ≥3 | 1,396 (5.6) | 287 (23.1) | 209 (14.4) | 90 (12.4) | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 86 (0.3) | 82 (6.6) | 0.346 | 54 (3.7) | 32 (4.4) | 0.035 |
| Sjogren's syndrome | 56 (0.2) | 236 (19.0) | 0.671 | 6 (0.4) | 10 (1.4) | 0.102 |
| Systemic sclerosis | 0 (0.0) | 18 (1.4) | NA | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Vasculitis | 5 (0.02) | 25 (2.0) | 0.199 | 4 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0.000 |
| Hypertension | 2,973 (11.9) | 205 (16.5) | 0.130 | 266 (18.3) | 118 (16.2) | 0.055 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1,431 (5.7) | 82 (6.6) | 0.035 | 103 (7.1) | 45 (6.2) | 0.036 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1,429 (5.7) | 136 (10.9) | 0.188 | 191 (13.1) | 85 (11.7) | 0.044 |
| Thromboembolism | 1,129 (4.5) | 234 (18.8) | 207 (14.2) | 97 (13.3) | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 717 (2.9) | 76 (6.1) | 0.156 | 89 (6.1) | 45 (6.2) | 0.003 |
| Cerebral vascular accident | 467 (1.9) | 112 (9.0) | 0.318 | 148 (10.2) | 52 (7.2) | 0.108 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 5 (0.02) | 34 (2.7) | 0.234 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | NA |
| Venous thromboembolism | 19 (0.1) | 45 (3.6) | 0.265 | 6 (0.4) | 5 (0.7) | 0.037 |
| Portal vein thrombosis | 1 (0.004) | 4 (0.3) | 0.079 | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Arterial embolism and thrombosis | 25 (0.1) | 16 (1.3) | 0.143 | 6 (0.4) | 3 (0.4) | 0.000 |
| Pregnancy morbidity | 40 (0.2) | 90 (7.2) | 19 (1.3) | 5 (0.7) | ||
| Spontaneous abortion | 3 (0.01) | 11 (0.9) | 0.131 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Habitual abortion | 9 (0.04) | 71 (5.7) | 0.344 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia | 23 (0.1) | 11 (0.9) | 0.114 | 15 (1.0) | 4 (0.6) | 0.054 |
| Abortion | 5 (0.02) | 4 (0.3) | 0.073 | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0.030 |
| Infertility | 155 (0.6) | 178 (14.3) | 0.539 | 93 (6.4) | 51 (7.0) | 0.025 |
| Raynaud's syndrome | 5 (0.02) | 25 (2.0) | 0.199 | 4 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0.000 |
| Thromboangiitis obliterans | 2 (0.01) | 6 (0.5) | 0.096 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | NA |
| Osteoporosis | 299 (1.2) | 57 (4.6) | 0.203 | 34 (2.3) | 21 (2.9) | 0.034 |
| Asthma | 438 (1.8) | 44 (3.5) | 0.111 | 50 (3.4) | 25 (3.4) | 0.000 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 968 (3.9) | 90 (7.2) | 0.146 | 109 (7.5) | 49 (6.7) | 0.029 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 147 (0.6) | 18 (1.4) | 0.085 | 25 (1.7) | 12 (1.7) | 0.005 |
| Chronic liver diseases | 812 (3.3) | 87 (7.0) | 0.170 | 82 (5.6) | 44 (6.1) | 0.018 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 215 (0.9) | 35 (2.8) | 0.145 | 29 (2.0) | 18 (2.5) | 0.033 |
| Thyroiditis | 35 (0.1) | 80 (6.4) | 0.358 | 17 (1.2) | 13 (1.8) | 0.051 |
| Pancreatitis | 32 (0.1) | 18 (1.4) | 0.149 | 19 (1.3) | 8 (1.1) | 0.019 |
| Affective psychosis | 181 (0.7) | 38 (3.1) | 0.171 | 36 (2.5) | 16 (2.2) | 0.018 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 22 (0.1) | 46 (3.7) | 0.267 | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.6) | 0.071 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 58 (0.2) | 7 (0.6) | 0.052 | 9 (0.6) | 4 (0.6) | 0.009 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 13 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | NA | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia | 2 (0.01) | 24 (1.9) | 0.197 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Immune thrombocytopenia | 1 (0.004) | 35 (2.8) | 0.240 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| APS treatment at baseline | ||||||
| No drug administration | 165 (13.3) | 143 (19.7) | ||||
| Antiplatelet/anticoagulant only | 91 (7.3) | 55 (7.6) | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine/corticosteroid +/– Antiplatelet/anticoagulant | 989 (79.4) | 529 (72.8) | ||||
#
Insured income lower than median income (21,900 New Taiwan dollars).
*
Length of hospital stay is defined by hospitalisation days within 2 years of the index date.
†
Comorbidities are comorbidities identified within 2 years before the index date.
APS treatment is treatment received within 6 months after diagnosis with APS.
PSM, propensity score-matching; APS, anti-phospholipid syndrome; ASD, absolute standardised difference.