TABLE 3.

Maximal actuation strain, the strain rate, and actuation time for the different fluids, response to a temperature step from room temperature to 30°C above the boiling point.

	Maximal actuation strain $\mathit{ϵ}$ max (%)	Maximal strain rate $\dot{\mathit{ϵ}}$ max (%/s)	10% expansion time t 10% (s)
Novec	70.9 ± 2.3	0.191 ± 0.007	52.3 ± 1.9
FC72	21.8 ± 1.1	0.046 ± 0.004	221.7 ± 20.5
Acetone	21.7 ± 0.7	0.025 ± 0.002	408.0 ± 33.9
Methanol	53.4 ± 2.8	0.179 ± 0.009	56.0 ± 2.7
Ethanol	53.9 ± 3.2	0.152 ± 0.011	66.0 ± 4.5
Isopropanol	54.4 ± 0.9	0.058 ± 0.002	173.1 ± 5.0
Acetonitrile	16.6 ± 1.2	0.040 ± 0.002	251.1 ± 13.4