TABLE 2.
Representative examples of cancer vaccines delivered by controlled-release platforms (from 2017 to 2021).
| Delivery system | Composition | Antigens | Adjuvants and combination therapies | Tumor model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Subunit vaccines | |||||
| MPs | Mesoporous silicon vector | TRP2 peptide | CpG and MPLA | C57BL/6 mice with B16 tumor | Zhu et al. (2018) |
| Injectable Scaffolds | PEI-coated Mesoporous silica rods | OVA or neoantigen peptides | GM-CSF, CpG and anti-CTLA4 | C57BL/6 mice with E7-TC-1, B16F10, or CT26 tumor | Li et al. (2018) |
| Injectable hydrogels | Comp.1 peptides | OVA | — | C57BL/6 mice with EG7-OVA or B16-OVA tumor | Wang et al. (2020b) |
| MNs | Pluronic F127 | OVA | Resiquimod | C57BL/6 mice with EG7-OVA tumor | Kim et al. (2018) |
| 2. Genetic vaccines | |||||
| Scaffolds | Mesoporous silica microrods | DNA polyplexes encoding OVA | GM-CSF, PEI, CpG and anti-PD-1 | C57BL/6 mice with B16-OVA tumor | Nguyen et al. (2020) |
| Injectable hydrogels | HA-PCLA | DNA polyplexes encoding OVA | GM-CSF and PEI | C57BL/6 mice with B16-OVA tumor | Duong et al. (2020a) |
| MNs | PVA | RALA/pDNA nanoparticles encoding PSCA | — | C57BL/6 mice with TRAMP-C1 tumor | Cole et al. (2019) |
| 3. Tumor cell-based vaccines | |||||
| MPs | Yeast derived β-glucan | Tumor cell lysate | CpG | C57BL/6 mice with MC38 tumor | Hou et al. (2021) |
| Scaffolds | Collagen and HA | Tumor cell lysate | Nanogel-based poly (I:C) and gemcitabine | BALB/c mice with 4T1 tumor | Phuengkham et al. (2018) |
| Injectable hydrogels | Tumor-penetrable peptides | Dead tumor cells | ICG and JQ1 | BALB/c mice with 4T1 tumor or EMT6 tumor | Wang et al. (2018) |
| Injectable hydrogels | HA and Pluronic F-127 | Tumor cell membrane-coated BPQD nanovesicles | GM-CSF, LPS, anti-PD-1 and NIR irradiation | BALB/c mice with 4T1 tumor and C57BL/6 mice with B16F10 tumor | Ye et al. (2019) |
| MNs | HA | Tumor cell lysate | GM-CSF, melanin and NIR irradiation | C57BL/6J mice with B16F10 or BPD6 tumor; BALB/cJ mice with 4T1 tumor | Ye et al. (2017) |
| 4. DC-based vaccines | |||||
| Injectable hydrogel | RADA16 peptide | OVA-pulsed DCs + free OVA or tumor cell lysate-pulsed DCs + tumor cell lysate | anti-PD-1 | C57BL/6 mice with EG7-OVA tumor | Yang et al. (2018) |
| Scaffold | Mesoporous silica micro-rods | APC-mimetic scaffold presenting tumor peptides, CD28 and IL-2 | 19BBz CAR-T cells | NSG mice with Raji xenograft tumor | Cheung et al. (2018) |
| 5. In situ cancer vaccines | |||||
| MPs | Polylactic acid | — | IL-12 and stereotactic body radiation | C57BL/6J and KPC mice with KOKC or Pan02 tumor | Mills et al. (2019) |
| Injectable hydrogels | Alginate | — | GM-CSF, CpG and doxorubicin-iRGD conjugate | BALB/c mice with 4T1 tumor | Wang et al. (2020a) |
| Injectable hydrogels | Gelatin-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid | — | Exogenous DCs and oncolytic adenovirus co-expressing IL-12 and GM-CSF | C57BL/6 mice with LLC tumor | Oh et al. (2017) |
| MNs | PVA and PVP | — | 1-methyl-tryptophan, chitosan nanoparticles containing ICG and NIR irradiation | C57BL/6 mice with B16 tumor | Chen et al. (2020a) |
—, not performed; MPs, microparticles; TRP2, tyrosinase related protein 2; CpG, unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine; MPLA, monophosphoryl lipid A; OVA, ovalbumin; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; PEI, polyethyleneimine; anti-CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 antibody; MNs, microneedles; PLGA, poly(lactide-co-glycolide); IL, interleukin; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; anti-PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1 antibody; HA-PCLA, levodopa- and poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)ester-functionalized hyaluronic acid; poly(I:C), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid; PVA, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone); pDNA, plasmid DNA; RALA, cationic peptide consists of arginine/alanine/leucine/alanine repeats; HA, hyaluronic acid; APC, antigen-presenting cell; PSCA, prostate stem cell antigen; TRAMP-C1, transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate cell line 1; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; anti-PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1 antibody; BPQD, black phosphorus quantum dot; NIR, near-infrared; DC, dendritic cell; CAR-T cells, chimeric antigen receptor T cells; iRGD, an internalizing cyclic peptide containing an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif; PVP, poly(vinyl alcohol); ICG, indocyanine green.