TABLE 2.

US FDA-approved drugs for other indications currently being investigated for repurposing for acute and delayed effects of radiation exposure.

FDA-approved drugs	Indication(s) for FDA approval	Indication for repurposing	Comments	Relevant references*
Amifostine/Ethyol	Reduces renal toxicity as a result of cisplatin treatment for ovarian cancer, reduces irradiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients	H-ARS	Promising agent but dose required for protection from ARS has severe side effects/toxicity	Singh and Seed (2019); Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc. (2017)
Promacta/Doptelet	Thrombocytopenia/idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)	H-ARS	These agents stimulate platelet/thrombocyte production and hematopoietic recovery	Parameswaran et al. (2014); Jacobson et al. (2017); Erickson-Miller et al. (2009); U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2018); Dova Pharmaceuticals (2019); Shirley (2018)
Capoten/Vasotec/Prinivil/Ramipril	Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, indicated for hypertension	Radiation injury of lung and kidney/DEARE	Helpful for early and late-arizing radiation injuries as a prophylaxis and mitigator	Singh et al. (2017); U.S. Food and Drug Adsministration (2015); Rosen et al. (2015)
Palifermin	Indicated for oral mucositis in individuals with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for malignancies	ARS	Truncated N-terminal recombinant keratinocyte growth factor	Vadhan-Raj et al. (2013); Lauritano et al. (2014); Johnke et al. (2014); Rosen et al. (2015)
Erythropoietin	Indicated for anemia linked to renal dysfunction	ARS	Used during the accidents of Tokai-mura, Japan and Henan Province, China	Gianoncelli et al. (2015); Agarwal and McBride (2016); Covic and Abraham (2015); Nagayama et al. (2002); Liu et al. (2008)
IL-3	Not fully approved by the FDA for ARS	ARS	Used during the accident of Nyasvizh, Belarus and Soreq, Israel	Nabholtz et al. (2002); International Atomic Energy Agency (1993); International Atomic Energy Agency (1996)
IL-11/Oprelvekin	Indicated for thrombocytopenia after myelosuppressive chemotherapy in individuals with non-myeloid malignancies	ARS	Radiomitigator and radioprotector	No author listed (1998); Potten 1995; Potten (1996); Burnett et al. (2013); Hauer-Jensen (2014)
Statin	Indicated for atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia	ARS	Anti-inflammatory due to inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase	Gotto (2003); Grobbee and Bots (2003); Diomede et al. (2001); Sizar et al. (2020); Williams et al. (2004); Wang et al. (2007)
Pentoxifylline	Indicated for claudication and pain in case of occlusive peripheral arterial disease	H-ARS	Methyl xanthine derivative with immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vascular effects	McCarty et al. (2016); Boerma et al. (2008); Berbée et al. (2011); Kulkarni et al. (2013)
Xigris	Indicated for high risk sepsis linked with acute organ dysfunction	ARS	Recombinant human activated protein C	Aneja and Fink (2007); Bernard et al. (2001); Griffin et al. (2006); Geiger et al. (2012)
CpG-ODN	Approved as adjuvants for vaccines	ARS	Stimulates innate as well as adaptive immune responses	Fehér (2019); Zhang et al. (2013); Zhang et al. (2011); Zhang et al. (2011)
Auranofin/Ridaura	Indicated for rheumatoid arthritis	ARS	It is an anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective agent	Nag et al. (2019); Nardon et al. (2016)
Diclofenac sodium	Indicated in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis	ARS	Benzene-acetic acid derivative	US Food and Drug Administration (2020); Novartis (2005); Alok et al. (2013)
Metformin	Indicated for type 2 diabetes	ARS	Used for FDA-approved as well as for off-label indications	Corcoran and Jacobs (2020); Miller et al. (2014); Xu et al. (2015)
Surfaxin	Indicated for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in infants	Lung injury/DEARE	Helpful for mitigation of lung injury after targeted thoracic irradiation	Piehl and Fernandez-Bustamante (2012); Christofidou-Solomidou et al. (2017)
Diethylcarbamazine citrate	An anti-filarial drug used to treat filariasis	Lung injury/DEARE	Known for anti-fibrotic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties	Hawking (1979); Queto et al. (2010); Farzipour et al. (2020)
Mozobil	Indicated for autologous transplantation in cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and multiple myeloma	H-ARS	With G-CSF and agents inducing G-CSF increases peripheral blood CD34+ cells, increases neutrophils	De Clercq (2019); De Clercq (2009); De Clercq (2010); Singh et al. (2014); Singh et al. (2014); Singh et al. (2010); Singh et al. (2012); Singh et al. (2013); Dykstra (2017)
Silverlon	Indicated for blister injuries caused by sulfur mustard, wound and burn contact dressing	Cutaneous radiation injuries	Received FDA approval for multiple indications since 2003	DiCarlo et al. (2018); Argentum Medical (2019); Aurora et al. (2018); Pozza et al. (2014)
Ciprofloxacin	Indicated for severe infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria	ARS and combined injury	Effective in murine model of irradiation and wound	Imrie et al. (1995); Fukumoto et al. (2014); Fukumoto et al. (2013); Sahakitrungruang et al. (2011)