Table 2.

Summary of the individually reported phytochemicals and their pharmacological significance present in Thymus vulgaris Linn.

Class	Compound Name	IUPAC Name	Pharmacological Activity	Reference
Phenolic compounds	Quinic acid	6-methoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid	Anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-fungal, antioxidant, neuroprotective	[47, 83, 84]
	Rosmaric acid	(2R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) prop-2-enoyl] oxypropanoic acid	Anti-alzheimer's, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, anti-ageing, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-depressant	[85, 86]
	Caffeic acid	(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) prop-2-enoic acid	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, adipogenetic, lipolytic, anti-alzheimer's, antiviral, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic	[87, 88, 89]
	p-coumaric acid	(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-enoic acid	Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, gastroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-tyrosinase, anticancer, hepatoprotective	[90, 91, 92]
	p-hydroxybenzoic acid	4-hydroxybenzoic acid	Anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral	[93, 94, 95]
	Gentisic acid	2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid	Anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, muscle relaxant	[91,96,97]
	Syringic acid	4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid	Anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antiendotoxic, hepatoprotective, anti-osteoporotic	[98, 99]
	Ferulic acid	(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-enoic acid	Anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-alzheimer's,	[100, 101]
Terpenoids	Thymol	5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylphenol	Antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, antitussive, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, antihypertensive, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-cancerous, analgesic, growth promoting	[41]
	Carvacrol	2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylphenol	Antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antitumor, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiparasitic, antispasmodic, and hepatoprotective	[32]
	Geraniol	(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol	Anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, neuroprotective	[102]
	Linalool	3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol	Sedative, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anesthetic, antimicrobial, anxiolytic, anti-hyperlipidemic, antinoceptive, antidepressive, neuroprotective	[41, 103]
	ρ-Cymene	1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylbenzene	Antimicrobial, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anxiolytic, anticancer, vasorelaxant, immunomodulatory, antinoceptive	[104, 105, 106]
	γ-terpinene	1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,4-diene	Antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive.	[107, 108, 109]
	Limonene	1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene	Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant,	[110, 111]
	β-Caryophyllene	(1R,4E,9S)-4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylidenebicyclo [7.2.0] undec-4-ene	Antimicrobial, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory	[48]
	β-Pinene	6,6-dimethyl-2-methylidenebicyclo [3.1.1] heptane	Anti-cancerous, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytogenetic, gastroprotective, anxiolytic, cytoprotective, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective	[49]
	α-Terpineol	2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl) propan-2-ol	Anti-cancerous, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anticonvoluscent, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, antihypertensive, sedative	[112]
Flavonoids	Apigenin	5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) chromen-4-one	Antidiabetic, anti-cancerous, antidepressive, anti-insomnia, anti-amnesia, anti-alzheimer's, antiviral	[113]
	Luteolin	2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one	Anti-alzheimer's, anti-cancerous	[114, 115]
	Cirsimaritin	5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxychromen-4-one	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective	[116]
	Xanthomicrol	5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,7,8-trimethoxychromen-4-one	Anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, anti-platelet, anti-cancerous effects	[117, 118]