Table 1. Summary of driver education evaluation result.

Reference	Countries	Study design	Number of Studies included	Type of studies	Driver stages	Type of education	Age group	Outcomes	Summary of findings
Kua et al. (2007)9	Canada	Systematic review	8	Six RCTs, one pre-post-study design,and one descriptive study	Post-license	Educational curriculum (retraining)	aged 55 and older	Awareness, driving behavior, crashes	Training interventions in older drivers improve moderately driving awareness and driving behavior, but do not reduce crashes.
Vernick et al. (1999)17	USA	Systematic review	9	Two randomized controlled trials,9,10 two re-analyses of the data from one of the controlledtrials,11,12 three ecologic time-series designs,13–15 and two ecologic analyses of group differences	Post-license	Education curriculum	High School (young drivers)	Motor vehicle crash	there is no convincing evidence among young drivers that the driver education of high school reduces motor vehicle accident involvement rates (either at the community or individual level)
Ker et al. (2005)10	UK	Systematic review and meta-analysis	21	RCT	Driver improvement /Post-license	Remedial driver education / Advanced driver education	All ages	Re-offences , crashes, injury	No evidence of that post-licence driver training is effective in reducing road crashes (relative risk (RR): 0.98, 95%CI: 0.96-1.01) or injury crashes (RR: 1.12, 95%CI: 0.88-1.41); however the results showed a small reduction in the traffic offences (RR: 0.96, 95%CI: 0.94-0.98).
Roberts et al. (2008)6	UK	Systematic review and meta-analysis	3	RCT	Pre-license	School based driver education	Aged 17 to 21 years	Crashes	No evidence of that the training of drivers reduce road crashes (Risk Ratio: 1.03 95%CI: 0.98-1.08).
Korner-Bitensky et al. (2009)8	Canada	Systematic review	4	Three RCTs and one matched-pairs cohort design	Post - license	Education modules, educational curriculum	Aged 55 and older	Knowledge, driving performance, crashes	Combined education with on-road training strongly improves the driving performance and moderately increases the driving knowledge. Physical restraining moderately improves the performance of drivers. There is moderate evidence that a single training intervention curriculum is not efficacy in decreasing crashes
Sangrar et al. (2019)14	Canada	Systematic review	33	Twenty-five RCTs and eight non-RCTs	Post - license	Classroom-based education, or a combination of classroom-based education with on-road feedback	Aged 55 and older	Knowledge, crashes	Increased drivers’ knowledge about road safety. And improved the self-perceived and behind-the-wheel outcomes such as crashes.
Martín-delosReyes et al (2019)7	Spain	Systematic review	5	Two experimental studies with random assignment, one quasi-experiment, and two cohort studies	Pre – license (learner drivers)	Driving Simulator-based training	Young novice or learner drivers	Safety	No evidence to support or refute the program education efficacy using simulators among young people in developing the driving behavior and their safety.