Table 2.
Resources used, unit costs by types of care, and distribution of average household costs for one episode of severe childhood pneumonia in US$ (n=1,472), 2019 price year
| Parameters | Resource used | Cost per each parameter by type of facility | Overall cost of treatment in US$ | |||||||
| Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | |||||||
| SpH/AH (n=741) | PH (n=220) | DH (n=145) | UHC (n=368) | SpH/AH (n=736) | PH (n=218) | DH (n=147) | UHC (n=371) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Diagnostic tests | 611 (83.0) | 210 (95.5) | 73 (50.3) | 20 (5.4) | 7.2 (7.7) | 13.5 (17.9) | 2.0 (4.8) | 0.3 (3.0) | 5.9 (10.1) | 3.8 (8.1) |
| Medicine | 738 (99.7) | 220 (100.0) | 129 (89.0) | 338 (91.6) | 19.9 (15.6) | 27.3 (28.2) | 10.3 (7.2) | 10.2 (6.5) | 17.6 (17.1) | 13.8 (12.5) |
| Consultation/physician fee | 198 (26.7) | 132 (61.8) | 46 (31.7) | 33 (9.0) | 1.1 (2.3) | 7.7 (16.9) | 1.6 (2.7) | 0.4 (3.9) | 2.0 (7.4) | 0.0 (1.3) |
| Registration/admission fee | 734 (99.1) | 217 (98.6) | 144 (99.3) | 352 (95.7) | 0.5 (1.0) | 2.9 (2.4) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.8 (1.5) | 0.3 (0.3) |
| Medical consumables (eg, syringe) | 630 (85) | 217 (98.6) | 119 (82.1) | 219 (59.5) | 3.1 (1.6) | 6.9 (6.0) | 1.8 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.9) | 3.4 (3.1) | 3.4 (2.7) |
| Bed/cabin charge | 87 (11.7) | 204 (92.7) | 2 (1.4) | 5 (1.3) | 2.3 (12.4) | 22.7 (37.9) | 0.2 (1.5) | 0.4 (4.4) | 4.5 (18.8) | 0.0 (0.0) |
| Nebulisation | 610 (82.3) | 201 (91.4) | 2 (1.4) | 30 (8.2) | 1.9 (5.3) | 16.6 (12.1) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.2 (2.5) | 3.5 (8.3) | 0.0 (1.3) |
| Oxygen | 11 (1.5) | 66 (30.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | 0.5 (1.2) | 3.6 (12.2) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.9 (4.9) | 0.0 (0.0) |
| Therapeutic diet | 23 (3.1) | 13 (5.9) | 9 (6.2) | 11 (3.0) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.9) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.0) |
| Direct medical cost | – | – | – | – | 36.6 (26.1) | 101.1 (96.10) | 16.4 (12.2) | 14.5 (15.6) | 38.7 (50.7) | 24.9 (31.1) |
| Transportation | 704 (95.6) | 219 (99.6) | 145 (100.0) | 363 (98.6) | 5.9 (7.4) | 10.6 (8.4) | 3.8 (4.3) | 3.6 (3.6) | 5.8 (7.0) | 4.2 (6.2) |
| Informal payment | 421 (57.5) | 93 (42.3) | 1 (0.7) | 36 (9.8) | 0.6 (0.9) | 1.0 (2.5) | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.0 (0.6) |
| Expenditure for caregivers | 540 (72.9) | 190 (86.4) | 137 (94.5) | 277 (75.3) | 5.4 (4.6) | 9.7 (9.3) | 5.1 (3.3) | 4.1 (3.0) | 5.7 (5.5) | 4.7 (3.6) |
| Others | 41 (5.5) | 31 (14.1) | 4 (2.8) | 45 (12.2) | 0.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (4.7) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.4 (1.4) | 0.5 (2.1) | 0.3 (0.0) |
| Direct non-medical cost | – | – | – | – | 12.3 (9.7) | 22.6 (17.5) | 9.3 (7.1) | 8.2 (6.0) | 12.5 (11.3) | 10.0 (8.5) |
| Length of hospital in days, mean (±SD) | 5.7 (2.4) | 5.7 (3.1) | 3.1 (1.4) | 3.8 (2.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Total direct cost | – | – | – | – | 49.0 (29.7) | 123.7 (107.4) | 25.7 (15.4) | 22.6 (19.2) | 51.2 (57.7) | 34.5 (37.4) |
| Caregiver’s waiting time | 0.4 (0.5) | 1.5 (5.1) | 0.8 (3.1) | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.8 (2.4) | 0.4 (0.6) | ||||
| Caregiver’s productivity loss | 99.8 (69.1) | 142.6 (105.1) | 68.6 (36.9) | 67.0 (43.6) | 94.9 (72.6) | 75.9 (59.4) | ||||
| Total indirect cost | – | – | – | – | 100.2 (69.2) | 144.1 (106.6) | 69.5 (37.7) | 67.5 (44.1) | 95.8 (73.5) | 76.3 (59.8) |
| Total household cost | – | – | – | – | 149.2 (84.9) | 267.8 (188.4) | 95.2 (48.3) | 90.1 (53.7) | 147.1 (114.6) | 116.6 (95.3) |
SpH/AH n=4; PH n=8; DH n=1; UHC n=3.
Direct medical cost: Summation of all direct medical expenses; Direct non-medical cost: Summation of all direct expenses not related to medical costs (e.g. travel); Total direct cost: Summation of total direct medical and non-medical costs; Total household cost: Summation of total direct and total indirect costs.
AH, autonomous hospital; DH, district hospital; PH, private hospital; SpH, specialised hospital; UHC, upazila health complex.