Table 6.

Typical histopathological features in different arthritis models

Animal models	RA features			Non-RA features	Known affected joints
	Inflammation	Bone erosion	Cartilage damage	New bone formation
Tg197	++	+++	+++	Absent	All peripheral joints and spine (i)
CIA	+++	++	+++	+++	All peripheral joints and spine (i), larynx
CAIA	+++	++	++	+++	Front and hind paws; (ii)
PIA	+++	++	+	+++	Front and hind paws, spine (ii)

(i) Whole body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging indicated systemic arthritis affecting various joints (see references60 61).

(ii) Other joints have not been reported so far.

CAIA, collagen–antibody-induced arthritis; CIA, collagen-induced arthritis; PIA, pristane-induced arthritis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; Tg197, human TNF transgenic mouse.