Table • 4-1.
Infectious agents/diseases inducing inflammatory changes in the nervous system
| Species | Canine | Feline | Porcine | Bovine | Equine | Ovine/caprine | Camelid | Remarks on brain lesions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viral disease/agent | ||||||||
| Akabane virus | N | N | N | Y | N | S | SC | |
| Bovine herpesvirus 1 | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | |
| Bovine herpesvirus 5 | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | |
| Borna disease virus | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | S | |
| Bovine paramyxovirus (unclassified) | N | N | N | S | N | N | N | |
| Canine adenovirus 2 | S | N | N | N | N | N | N | Multiple hemorrhages, particularly in brainstem/caudate nuclei |
| Canine distemper virus | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | |
| Canid herpesvirus 1 | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | Necrotizing meningoencephalitis, which is most severe in cerebrum and brainstem |
| Canine parvovirus 2 | S | N | N | N | N | N | N | Vasculitis-induced lesions |
| Classical swine fever virus | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Vasculitis-induced lesions |
| Equine encephalitis viruses (EEEV, WEEV, VEEV) | SC/S | N | S | SC | Y | SC | ? | |
| Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | EHV4 rarely causes encephalitis |
| Equid herpesvirus 9 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Natural disease only reported in deer |
| Encephalomyocarditis virus | ? | ? | Y | S | S | ? | S | Infection in some species (e.g., bovine) may be limited to myocarditis |
| Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) | N | N | N | N | S | N | N | Multifocal to diffuse encephalomyelitis is a rare manifestation of EIAV infection; may also cause lymphohistiocytic periventricular leukoencephalitis |
| Feline immunodeficiency virus | N | S | N | N | N | N | N | Nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis in some naturally infected cats; secondary Toxoplasma or feline infectious peritonitis virus infections |
| Feline leukemia virus | N | S | N | N | N | N | N | Noninflammatory degenerative myelopathy |
| Feline infectious peritonitis virus | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Fibrinopyogranulomatous periventriculitis, meningitis, and perivasculitis; chronic leukoencephalitis; segmental myelitis; choroiditis |
| Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | |
| Highlands J virus | N | N | N | N | S | N | N | |
| Japanese encephalitis virus | SC | N | Y | SC | SC | SC | ? | |
| La Crosse virus | S | N | N | N | N | N | ? | |
| Lentivirus encephalomyelitis | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | |
| Louping ill virus | Y | ? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
| Malignant catarrhal fever | N | N | S | Y | N | SC | ? | |
| Nipah virus | Y | Y | Y | S | Y | Y | ? | |
| Porcine arterivirus | N | N | Y | N | N | N | ? | |
| Porcine circovirus 2 | N | N | Y | N | N | N | ? | |
| Porcine paramyxovirus (unclassified) | N | N | S | N | N | N | N | |
| Porcine rubulavirus | N | N | S | N | N | N | N | |
| Pseudorabies virus | Y | Y | Y | Y | S | Y | ? | |
| Rabies virus | Y | Y | S | Y | Y | S | Y | |
| Porcine teschovirus (Teschen disease) | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | |
| Tick-borne encephalitis virus | Y | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| West Nile virus | Y | Y | SC | SC | Y | S | Y | |
| Protozoal diseases | ||||||||
| Acanthamoeba encephalitis | S | ? | ? | ? | ? | S | ? | |
| Babesiosis | S | S | S | Y | S | Y | Y | Sludging of parasitized RBCs in blood capillaries |
| Neospora caninum | Y | N | N | Y* | S | S | Y | *In bovine encephalitis, is only observed in aborted fetuses or very young calves infected in utero |
| Neospora hughesi | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | |
| Sarcocystis canis | S | N | N | N | N | N | N | |
| Sarcocystis neurona | N | S | N | N | Y | N | N | |
| Theileriosis | S | N | N | Y | S | Y | Y | |
| Toxoplasmosis | Y | Y | Y | SC/S | SC | Y | Y | |
| Bacterial diseases | ||||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | S | S | S | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
| Histophilus somni | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | ? | |
| Chlamydial and rickettsial diseases | ||||||||
| Chlamydophila pecorum | ? | ? | ? | S | ? | ? | ? | |
EEEV, eastern equine encephalitis virus; VEEV, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; WEEV, western equine encephalitis virus.
?, No refereed papers about species susceptibility to natural infection.
N, The species is not susceptible to natural infection.
S, The species is susceptible to natural infection but overt disease is reported only sporadically.
SC, The species is susceptible to natural infection but the disease occurs subclinically without neurologic signs.
Y, The species is susceptible to natural infection and overt disease is reported regularly.