Table 1.
The 15 largest databases found using methodology stated in the Methods section.
| Database name | Recruitment year | Sample size | Longitudinal | Genome | Methylome | Transcriptome | Metabolome | Proteome | Phenome | Microbiome | Intended Speciality | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Registre Gironí del Cor (REGICOR) | 1978 | 700,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | General | https://www.revespcardiol.org/es-regicor-35-years-of-excellence-articulo-S1885585713002739?redirect=true |
| UK BioBank | 2006 | 500,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | General | https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/ |
| Netherlands Twin Registry | 2004 | 240,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | General | http://www.tweelingenregister.org |
| LifeLines | 2006 | 167,729 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | General | http://www.lifelines.nl |
| Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (The HUNT Study) | 1984 | 120,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | General | https://www.ntnu.edu/hunt/hunt-samples |
| FINRISK | 1972 | 101,451 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | General | https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/research-and-expertwork/population-studies/the-national-finrisk-study |
| UK Household Longitudinal Study | 2009 | 100,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Societal | https://www.understandingsociety.ac.uk/ |
| The Tromsø Study | 1974 | 93,287 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | N | General | https://en.uit.no/om/enhet/artikkel?p_document_id=80172&p_dimension_id=88111 |
| 100,000 Genomes Project | 2012 | 70,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Rare Disease | https://www.genomicsengland.co.uk/about-genomics-england/the-100000-genomes-project/ |
| Estonian Biobank of the Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu | 1999 | 52,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | General | http://www.biobank.ee |
| INTERVAL | 2012 | 50,000 | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Blood Donation | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0175-2 |
| National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | 1960 | 31,126 | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Nutrition | https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm |
| EPIC-Norfolk Study | 1993 | 30,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Oncology | http://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/research/studies/epic-norfolk/ |
| Rotterdam Study (Charge) | 1990 | 19,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | General | http://www.epib.nl/research/ergo.htm |
| Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg, Southern Germany (KORA) | 1984 | 18,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | General | http://epi.helmholtz-muenchen.de/kora-gen/index_e.php |
| Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) Study | 199 3 | 215,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Oncology | https://www.uhcancercenter.org/mec |
| The Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort (MEC) study | 2004 | 14,465 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | General | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29452397/ |
| NIHR Cambridge BioResource | 2005 | 17,300 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | General | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867416314465 |
| Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) (CHARGE) | 1987 | 15,792 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Cardio | http://www.cscc.unc.edu/aric/ |
| Framingham (CHARGE) | 1948 | 15,447 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Cardio | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159698/ |
| UK Adult Twin Registry (TwinsUK) | 1992 | 14,274 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | General Paediatric | http://www.twinsuk.co.uk/ |
| Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) | 1991 | 13,988 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Paediatric | https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/42/1/97/694445 |
| Fenland Study | 2015 | 12,435 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Endocrine | http://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/Research/Studies/Fenland/index.html |
| Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 | 1966 | 12,058 | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | General | https://jmg.bmj.com/content/56/9/607 |
| Pain-OMICS | 2013 | 12,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | Pain | https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/110070/factsheet/en |
| A Large-Scale Schizophrenia Association Study in Sweden | 2005 | 11,850 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Psychiatry | https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.2742 |
| Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) | 2005 | 10,197 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | General | https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/27/10/1830/4939377#118176243 |
| Global Genomics Group (G3) GLOBAL Study | 2012 | 10,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | General | https://www.g3therapeutics.com/ |
| COPDGene | 2008 | 10,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | COPD | http://www.copdgene.org/ |
| Oxford BioBank | 1999 | 8,000 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | General | https://www.oxfordbiobank.org.uk/ |
| Ontario Familial Colon Cancer Registry (OFCCR) | 1998 | 7,377 | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Oncology | https://www.zanecohencentre.com/gi-cancers/ofccr |
| Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) | 2000 | 6,814 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Cardio | https://www.mesa-nhlbi.org/Publications.aspx |
| National Institute on Aging (NIA) SardiNIA Study | 2001 | 6,148 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Geriatric | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000338.v1.p1 |
| Corogene | 2006 | 5,809 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Cardio | http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/06/02/ije.dyr090.extract |
| Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study (AGES) | 2002 | 5,764 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Geriatric | http://www.hjarta.is/english/ages |
| Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study | 1980 | 4,320 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Cardio | http://youngfinnsstudy.utu.fi/index.html |
| Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) | 1997 | 4,308 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | General | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22736157/ |
| Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology (EAGLE) | 2002 | 4,000 | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Oncology | https://eagle.cancer.gov/background.html |
| Accessible Resource For Integrated Genomics (ARIES) | 2012 | 3,948 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | General | http://www.ariesepigenomics.org.uk/ |
| IMT-Progression as Predictors of Vascular Events in a High-Risk European Population (IMPROVE) | 2004 | 3,711 | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | Cardio | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00125-014-3215-y#Sec2 |
| Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD (SPIROMICS) | 2010 | 2,981 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | N | COPD | https://www.spiromics.org/spiromics/ |
| Athero-Express Biobank Studies | 2002 | 2,500 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Cardio | https://www.atheroexpress.nl/ |
| Leiden Longievity Study | 2002 | 2,415 | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Geriatric | https://www.nature.com/articles/5201508#Sec2 |
| TRAILS (Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey) | 2000 | 2,230 | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | Paediatric | https://www.trails.nl/en |
| The Orkney Complex Disease Study (ORCADES) (EUROSPAN) | 2005 | 2,080 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | General | https://www.ed.ac.uk/viking/about-us/orcades |
| Helsinki Birth Cohort Study | 2001 | 2,003 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | Geriatrics | http://www.ktl.fi/portal/english/research_people_programs/health_promotion_and_chronic_disease_prevention/units/diabetes_unit/idefix_study/ |
| Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 & 1936 | 1999 | 1,641 | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Cognitive Ageing | https://www.lothianbirthcohort.ed.ac.uk/content/scottish-mental-survey-1947 |
| Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development andLearning in Early Childhood Study (CANDLE) | 2006 | 1,503 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Neuro-Paediatric | https://candlestudy.uthsc.edu/ |
| InCHIANTI | 1998 | 1,453 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Geriatric | http://inchiantistudy.net/wp/ |
| The Study Of Colorectal Cancer in Scotland (SOCCS) | 1999 | 1,298 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Oncology | https://www.ed.ac.uk/usher/molecular-epidemiology/our-studies/the-study-colorectal-cancer |
| Cardiovascular Health Study (CHARGE) | 1989 | 1,250 | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Cardio | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000287.v7.p1 |
| Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) | 2009 | 1,176 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Paediatric Metabolism | https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/5/1401/695117 |
| Northern Sweden Population Health Study (EUROSPAN) | 2006 | 1,069 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | General | http://eurospan.gen-info.hr/partners.html |
| HELMi (Health and Early Life Microbiota) | 2016 | 1,055 | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Microbiome & Paediatrics | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/6/e028500.long |
| Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) | 2001 | 1,016 | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | Cardio | https://bmcmedgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12920-016-0235-0 |
| VIS (part of EUROSPAN) | 2003 | 1,008 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | General | http://eurospan.gen-info.hr/partners.html |
| Milieu Intérieur cohort | 2012 | 1,000 | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Immunology | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-018-0049-7 |
| GOLDN study | 968 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Cardio | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952572/ | |
| Brisbane systems genetics study (BSGS) | 962 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Complex Disease | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035430 | |
| KORCULA (Part of EUROSPAN) | 1999 | 944 | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | Cardio | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657564/ |
| Diet, Obesity, and Genes (DIOGenes) | 2005 | 932 | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | Obesity | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02182-z |
| Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) cohort | 1999 | 800 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Farm exposure eg pesticides | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6444381/ |
| Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) | 2004 | 800 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Alzheimer's | http://adni.loni.usc.edu/ |
| AddNeuroMed | 700 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | Alzheimer's | https://consortiapedia.fastercures.org/consortia/anm/ | |
| Emory Twin Study (ETS) | 1946 | 614 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | General | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13148-016-0189-2 |
| Cross-sectional analyses conducted in the Cohort on Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Maastricht (CODAM) | 1999 | 574 | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | Cardio | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009898103005308#aep-section-id12 |
| Qatar Metabolomics Study on Diabetes (QMDiab) | 2012 | 388 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Endocrine | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5886112/ |
| Human Microbiome Project | 2008 | 300 | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | General | https://hmpdacc.org/ihmp/overview/data-model.php |
| Human Adult Cerebellum Samples | - | 153 | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Psychiatry | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000292971000087X |
| Human Adult Brain Samples-Cerebellum, Frontal Cortex, Caudal Pons and Temporal Cortex | - | 150 | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Neurology | https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000952 |
| Whole blood from healthy individuals of Dutch origin | - | 148 | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | General | https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-636#Sec13 |
| Japanese Study on CSF Proteomic Profile | 133 | N | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | N | Neuro | https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/26/1/44/2595397 |
Y refers to the given data type being found, and N means it was not found.
Recruitment year: The year when participants were recruited, not the year of any retrospective historical event. Sample size: Total database sample size was chosen because sub-population omic data may desirably characterize the overall sample. Longitudinal: Longitudinal study design. Genome: Availability of whole-genome data. Methylome: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation data available as methylation arrays or deep sequencing. Transcriptome: Single-base ribonucleic acid (RNA) reads or mRNA expression data obtained via cRNA microarray chips. Metabolome and Proteome: Appropriate separation and detection methods, such as gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance. Broad coverage immuno-assays were also acceptable. Routine clinical blood results do not constitute metabolomics data. Phenome: Traits in individuals not recorded for clinical purposes or clinical techniques, for example, a heart rate monitor to characterize an individual's daily exercise rate. Microbiome: Characterization of participants' microbiomes either with genomic sequencing or growth characterization.