Table 1.
Applications of yeasts as plant growth promoters, biofungicides, bioinsecticides or biodegraders.
| Mechanism | Attribute | Yeasts | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| N2 fixation | Plant growth promotion | C. tropicalis | [68] |
| NH3 production | Plant growth promotion | M. guilliermondii, P. rugulosa, C. flavus, P. antarctica,Meyerozyma sp., M. caribbica | [43,60,69] |
| P solubilization | Plant growth promotion | C. tropicalis, L. thermotolerans, Rhodotorula sp., H. uvarum, Y. lipolytica, S. cerevisiae | [32,68,69,77,78] |
| K solubilization | Plant growth promotion | T. globosa, R. glutinis, P. anomala | [54,80] |
| S oxidizing | Plant growth promotion | W. californica, S. cerevisiae | [84] |
| Zn solubilization | Plant growth promotion | C. tropicalis, L. thermotolerans, Dothideomycetes sp. | [43,68,69] |
| Polyamine production | Plant growth promotion | C. tropicalis, P. rugulosa, P. antarctica, A. pullulans, Dothideomycetes sp. | [32,43,60] |
| ACC deaminase activity | Plant growth promotion | C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus sp. | [32,71] |
| IAA production | Plant growth promotion | C. tropicalis, M. guilliermondii, S. cerevisiae, A. pullulans, H. uvarum,M. caribbica, W. californica, C. laurentii, R. fluvialis, C. maltosa, P. kudriavzevii, R. paludigenum | [43,65,68,69,89,90,91,92] |
| Cytokinin production | Plant growth promotion | A. pullulans, S. roseus, M. pulcherrima | [94] |
| Pulcherrimine production | Biofungicide | M. pulcherrima | [38,109] |
| Siderophore production | Biofungicide | R. glutinis against B. cinerea and P. expansum | [110] |
| Competition for nutrients and space | Biofungicide | A. pullulans against P. expansum and M. laxa; Issatchenkia terricola, P. anomala, M. pulcherrima, S. cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, H. uvarum and P. kluyveri against B. cinerea | [38,107,108,139,140,141,142,143] |
| Parasitism | Biofungicide | M. guilliermondii, P. anomala, C. famata and R. mucilaginosa against C. gloeosporioides; P. anomala, A. pullulans and P. kluyveri against B. cinerea | [38,118,119,140,143] |
| VOCs production | Biofungicide | A. pullulans, Hanseniaspora sp., P. anomala, M. pulcherrima, P. membranifaciens, M. guilliermondii, H. uvarum, Starmerella bacillaris, Candida pyralidae and P. kluyveri against B. cinerea | [38,112,113,140,143,144,145,146,147] |
| Killer activity | Biofungicide | P. membranifaciens, P. anomala, K. lactis | [115,116,117] |
| Induced systemic resistance | Biofungicide | R. paludigenum against P. digitatum; P. anomala against P. expansum | [123,124] |
| Insecticide biodegradation | Biodegrader |
R. glutinis and R. rubra degrades chlorpyrifos; R. mucilaginosa degrades neonicotinoid insecticide; S. terricola degrades glyphosate insecticide |
[31,126,135] |
| Herbicide biodegradation | Biodegrader | C. lusitaniae degrades dinitroaniline herbicide; P. kudriavzevii degrades s-triazine group herbicides | [136,137] |
| Insecticidal activity | Insecticide | Y. lipolytica, A. pullulans, H. uvarum, M. pulcherrima, C. tephrensis | [128,129,131,132] |