Table 2:
Antepartum, Labor, and Delivery Characteristics of Women by Mode of Delivery.
| Characteristic | Overall Population | Bivariate Comparisons | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) N = 993 |
Vaginal Birth (n = 759, 75.9%) |
Cesarean Birth (n = 234, 23.4%) |
P-Value | |
| Onset of Labor | <0.001a | |||
| Spontaneous | 841 (84.7%) | 663 (87.4%) | 178 (84.5%) | |
| Augmented/Induced | 123 (12.4%) | 92 (12.1%) | 31 (12.3%) | |
| Not Applicable (not in labor) | 28 (2.8%) | 3 (0.4%) | 25 (2.8%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Transferred During Labor | <0.001b | |||
| No | 505 (50.9%) | 416 (54.8%) | 89 (38.0%) | |
| Yes | 488 (49.1%) | 343 (45.2%) | 145 (62.0%) | |
| If Transferred, Transferring Facility (Transferred n = 481) | 1.0a | |||
| Health Center | 471 (96.8%) | 331 (97.9%) | 140(97.9%) | |
| Private Clinic | 7 (1.4%) | 5 (1.5%) | 2 (1.4%) | |
| Primary Hospital | 3 (0.6%) | 2 (0.6%) | 1 (0.7%) | |
| Cervical Exam on Admission | <0.001b | |||
| <4 cm (latent labor) | 493 (49.7%) | 369 (48.6%) | 124 (53.0%) | |
| 4+ cm (active labor) | 469 (47.2%) | 376 (49.5%) | 93 (39.7%) | |
| Missing or “Not done” or “Not Applicable” | 31 (3.1%) | 14 (1.8%) | 17 (7.3%) | |
| Fetal Heart Rate Auscultated at Admission | 0.26a | |||
| Yes | 943 (95.0%) | 724 (95.4%) | 219 (93.6%) | |
| No (Fetal Demise) | 39 (3.9%) | 29 (3.8%) | 10 (4.3%) | |
| Not Auscultated | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Missing | 9 (0.9%) | 5 (0.7%) | 4 (1.7%) | |
| Duration of Labor | <0.001b | |||
| Not Applicable (not in labor) | 33 (3.3%) | 6 (0.8%) | 27 (11.5%) | |
| < 12 hours | 510 (51.2%) | 424 (55.9%) | 86 (36.8%) | |
| 12 – 24 hours | 400 (40.2%) | 304 (40.1%) | 96 (41.0%) | |
| 24+ hours | 50 (5.2%) | 25 (3.3%) | 25 (10.7%) | |
| Partograph Used | <0.001a | |||
| Not Applicable (not in labor) | 271 (27.3%) | 133 (17.5%) | 138 (56.0%) | |
| No | 94 (9.5%) | 74 (9.8%) | 20 (8.6%) | |
| Yes, Incomplete | 10 (1.0%) | 6 (0.8%) | 4 (1.7%) | |
| Yes, Complete | 616 (62.0%) | 544 (71.7%) | 72 (30.8%) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.2%) | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Number of Vaginal Exams Median (IQR) | 3 [2, 3] | 3 [2, 4] | 2 [1, 3] | <0.001c |
| Missing | 5 (0.5%) | 1 (0.1%) | 4 (1.7%) | |
| Antepartum Hemorrhage | 0.04b | |||
| No | 970 (97.7%) | 746 (98.3%) | 224 (95.7%) | |
| Yes | 22 (2.2%) | 12 (1.6%) | 10 (4.3%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Chorioamnionitis | 0.63a | |||
| No | 987 (0.6%) | 755 (99.5%) | 987 (99.2%) | |
| Yes | 6 (99.3%) | 4 (0.5%) | 6 (0.9%) | |
| Antepartum Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia/Chronic Hypertension | 0.68b | |||
| No | 945 (95.2%) | 724 (95.4%) | 221 (94.4%) | |
| Yes | 47 (4.7%) | 34 (4.5%) | 13 (5.6%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Anesthesia for Birth | <0.001a | |||
| None | 672 (67.7%) | 671 (88.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Any | 321 (32.4%) | 88 (11.6%) | 233 (99.6%) | |
| Provider who Delivered the Infant | <0.001a | |||
| Midwife | 730 (73.2%) | 729 (96.1%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| General Practitioner | 10 (1.0%) | 9 (1.2%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Integrated Emergency and Surgical Officer | 242 (24.3%) | 20 (2.6%) | 222 (95.3%) | |
| Ob/Gyn Resident or Attending | 10 (1.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 9 (3.9%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1%) | * | * | |
| Gestational Age at Delivery | 0.29b | |||
| Preterm (< 37 weeks) | 103 (10.4%) | 85 (11.2%) | 18 (7.7%) | |
| Term (≥ 37 weeks) | 887 (89.2%) | 672 (88.5%) | 215 (91.9%) | |
| Missing | 3 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Birthweight (grams) | 0.03b | |||
| <2500 | 70 (7.1%) | 57 (7.5%) | 13 (5.6%) | |
| ≥ 2500 | 873 (87.9%) | 671 (88.4%) | 202 (86.3%) | |
| Missing | 50 (5.0%) | 31 (4.1%) | 19 (8.1%) | |
| Neonatal Sex | 0.20b | |||
| Male | 530 (53.4%) | 401 (55.1%) | 129 (60.0%) | |
| Female | 413 (41.6%) | 327 (44.9%) | 86 (40.0%) | |
| Missing | 50 (5.0%) | * | * | |
| Multiple Gestation | 0.02b | |||
| Yes | 945 (95.2%) | 729 (96.1%) | 216 (92.3%) | |
| No | 48 (4.8%) | 30 (3.9%) | 18 (7.7%) | |
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
a
: Fisher’s Exact test
b
: Chi-squared test
c
: Mann-Whitney U test
*
unknown mode of delivery for missing data
Notes: Categories for duration of labor were chosen by study team and not per a reference article; we suspect the 1 woman who reportedly underwent cesarean birth without anesthesia is likely an erroneous data point; an Integrated Emergency Surgical Officer is a non-physician surgeon in the Ethiopian surgical workforce; missing data not included in bivariate comparisons and chi-squared testing was used for cell sizes above 5.