Table 4:

A) Multivariable Model of Characteristics Associated with Cesarean Birth and; B) How Outcomes are Impacted by Undergoing Cesarean Birth.

Characteristic	RR	CI	P-Value
(A) Multivariable Poisson Model with Robust Error Variance of Characteristics Associated with Cesarean Birth*
History of Cesarean Birth	2.0	1.5, 2.7	<0.001
Transferred in Labor	1.5	1.1, 1.9	0.003
Increased Cervical Dilation on Admission	0.9	0.9, 0.9	<0.001
Compared to Less Than 12 hours of Labor:
12 – 24 hours	1.3	1.1, 1.9	0.03
> 24 hours	2.7	1.8, 3.9	<0.001
Compared to Non-Use of the Partograph:
Complete Use	0.6	0.4, 0.9	0.03
Birthweight ≥2500	2.7	1.5, 4.8	0.001
(B) Individual Multivariable Poisson Models with Robust Error Variance, Adjusted for Significant Findings in Table 4A, to Determine Association of Cesarean Birth with Outcomes Significant in Bivariate Comparisons (Table 3)
Characteristic	RR	CI	P-Value
Maternal Outcomes
Needing Maternal Blood Transfusion	3.2	0.7, 14.0	0.1
Needing Postpartum Antibiotics	10.5	6.1, 18.1	<0.001
Needing Postpartum Hypertensive Therapy	1.1	0.3, 3.3	0.9
Needing Postpartum Anticonvulsant Therapy	0.4	0.1, 1.7	0.2
Neonatal Outcomes
Having a Higher Apgar Score	0.9	0.9, 0.98	0.01
Live Birth	1.0	0.9, 1.1	0.6
Being Alive at Discharge from the Hospital	1.0	0.9, 1.1	0.7

^*variables included in the model without an association with the outcome: age, urban/rural residence, parity, onset of labor (spontaneous or not), incomplete partograph use, number of vaginal exams, antepartum hemorrhage, number of fetuses delivered