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. 2021 May 10;12:662582. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.662582

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Copyright © 2021 Benvenga, Nordio, Laganà and Unfer

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Principal pathways active by the TSH-TSHR binding. AC, adenylate cyclase; AKT, protein kinase B; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; Gαs/Gqs, G protein; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; IP3, inositol triphosphate; mTOR, protein kinase (mammalian target of rapamicin); PDE, phosphoesterase; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5- biphosphate; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; TSHR, TSH Receptor; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone. Reproduced with the permission from Benvenga et al. (23) (License No 4997560949993).