Table 1.
Dietary patterns and the concentration of adiponectin (AD)—A positive effect.
| Author/Reference | Year | Study Design | Sample | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEALTHY DIET | ||||
| Fargnoli et al. [13] | 2008 | Prospective cohort study | 1922 women free of CVD, diabetes and cancer, aged 30–55 y | Total AD concentration was 24% higher (15.68 ± 1.03 μg/mL vs. 12.61 ± 1.03 μg/mL; p < 0.0001) and HMW AD was 32% higher (5.71 ± 1.04 μg/mL vs. 4.34 ± 1.04 μg/mL; p < 0.0001) in women from the highest quartile of adherence to AHEI compared to women from the lowest quartile. |
| Volp et al. [14] | 2016 | Cross-sectional study | 157 apparently healthy men and women, aged 18–35 y | A correlation between the Healthy Eating Index and AD concentrations (r = 0.20074; p = 0.02). |
| THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET | ||||
| Mantzoros et al. [17] | 2006 | Cross-sectional study | 987 diabetic women, aged 30–55 y | Higher adherence to the MD was associated with markedly higher AD concentrations compared to the lowest adherence (6.91 ± 1.06 μg/mL vs. 5.49 ± 1.04 μg/mL; p < 0.01). |
| Fragopoulou et al. [5] | 2010 | Cross-sectional study | 532 men and women free of CVD, aged > 18 y | Higher adherence to the MD was associated with markedly higher AD concentrations compared to the lowest adherence (4.8 ± 2.0 μg/mL vs. 3.4 ± 1.9 μg/mL; p < 0.001). A correlation between scores obtained for the MD and AD concentrations (women: rho = 0.156; p = 0.02), (men: rho = 0.130; p = 0.02). |
| Schwingshackl et al. [21] | 2014 | A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 interventional studies | 2300 men and women, aged 25–77 y | Adherence to the rules of the MD was related to significantly higher AD concentrations compared to the control diet (WMD: 1.69 mg/mL, 95% CI 0.27, 3.11; p = 0.02). |
| Maiorino et al. [15] | 2016 | Randomized control study | 215 men and women with newly diagnosed T2DM, aged > 18 y | Following the MD for a year was associated with an increase in total AD concentrations by 43% (6.12 vs. 8.80 μg/mL; p < 0.001) and HMV AD by 54% (2.41 vs. 3.72 μg/mL; p < 0.01). |
| Sureda et al. [16] | 2018 | Cross-sectional study | 598 men and women, aged 12–65 y | Adherence to the rules of the MD was related to significantly higher AD concentrations compared to non-adherence 13.1 ± 6.7 μg/mL vs. 9.5 ± 2.4 μg/mL; p < 0.05). No correlation found in women and adolescents of both sexes. |
| Spadafranca et al. [20] | 2018 | Cohort study | 99 normal weight, pregnant women, aged 25–43 y | Women from the highest tertile of adhering to the MD were characterized by a lower decrease in the percentage of AD concentrations compared to women from the lowest tertile (10% ± 11% vs. −34% ± 3%; p = 0.01). |
| Luisi et al. [19] | 2019 | Interventional study | 36 men and women, aged > 18 y | Following the MD enhanced with 40 g/d of extra virgin olive oil was associated with increased AD concentrations (increase by 0.6 ± 0.26 μg/mL; p < 0.01 in a group with normal body weight and an increase by 1.6 ± 0.2 μg/mL; p < 0.01 in a group with excessive body weight). |
| Kouvari et al. [18] | 2020 | Prospective cohort study | 3042 apparently healthy men and women, aged > 18 y | Higher adherence to the MD was associated with markedly higher AD concentrations compared to the lowest adherence 4.8 ± 2.0 μg/mL vs. 3.4 ± 1.9 μg/mL; p < 0.001) |
| THE DASH DIET | ||||
| Nilsson et al. [25] | 2019 | Cross-sectional study | 112 women, aged 65–70 y | The highest tertile of adherence to the DASH diet was associated with markedly higher AD concentrations compared to the lowest tertile (12.9 ± 3.3 μg/mL vs. 11.5 ± 3.4 μg/mL; p = 0.008). |
| PLANT-BASED DIET | ||||
| Kahleova et al. [30] | 2011 | Randomized control study | 74 men and women with T2DM, aged 30–70 y | An increase in total AD by 19% (95% CI 7.5–25.4; p < 0.05) and HMV AD by 15% (95% CI 3.6–23.6; p < 0.05) after 24 weeks of following a vegetarian diet. |
| Ambroszkiewicz et al. [29] | 2018 | Cross-sectional study | 117 prepubertal children, aged 5–10 y | Following a vegetarian diet was associated with a significantly higher adiponectin to leptin ratio (0.70 (0.37–0.93) vs. 0.39 (0.28–0.74); p = 0.005) compared to the traditional diet. |
| Mirmiran et al. [65] | 2019 | Randomized cross-over clinical trial | 31 men and women with T2DM, aged 50–75 y | The consumption of two servings of pulses instead of red meat for eight weeks was associated with an increase in AD concentrations (10.5 ± 3.0 μg/mL vs. 13.1 ± 3.0 μg/mL; p < 0.05). |
| Lovrenčić et al. [31] | 2020 | Case-control study | 76 non-obese men and women, aged 19–59 | Following a vegetarian diet was associated with significantly higher AD concentrations compared to the traditional diet (p = 0.03). No correlation in men. |
| LOW-CALORIE DIET | ||||
| Christiansen et al. [41] | 2010 | Randomized controlled trial | 79 obese men and women, aged 18–45 y | VLCD diet (800 kcal/d) was associated with a 19% increase in AD concentrations after 12 weeks (p < 0.01). |
| Abbenhardt et al. [42] | 2013 | Randomized controlled trial | 439 overweight or obese postmenopausal women, aged 50–75 y | AD concentrations increased by 9.5% after 12 months of following LCD (12.4 μg/mL (11.3–13.5) vs. 13.5 μg/mL (12.5–14.6); p < 0.0001) and by 6.6% (12.8 μg/mL (11.7–13.9) vs. 13.6 μg/mL (12.5–14.8); p = 0.0001) as a result of combining LCD with physical activity. |
| Bouchonville et al. [40] | 2014 | Randomized controlled trial | 107 obese men and women, aged ≥65 y | Calorie reduction of the diet by 500–700 kcal contributed to an increase in AD concentration by 8.9 μg/mL (3.5–14.8); p < 0.01), while the combination of reduction diet and physical activity contributed to an AD increase by 6.5 μg/mL (0.8–12.3; p = 0.02). |
| Salehi-Abargouei et al. [43] | 2015 | Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional trials (13 interventional studies) | 937 men and women, aged 20–75 y | The use of LCD was associated with an increase in AD concentration (Hedges’ g = 0.34, 95 % CI 0.17–0.50; p < 0.001), especially if the diet was followed for at least 16 weeks (Hedges’ g for ≤ 16 weeks = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.12–0.83; p = 0.01, (Hedges’ g for > 6 weeks = 0.30, 95 % CI: 0.11–0.48; p = 0.002). |
| Monda et al. [39] | 2020 | Interventional study | 20 obese men and women, aged 20–60 y | The use of ketogenic VLCD for 8 weeks was associated with a significant increase in AD concentrations both in women (12.44 ± 1.07 μg/mL vs. 27.3 ± 1.33 μg/mL; p < 0.05), and in men (9.23 ± 0.7 μg/mL vs. 32.67 ± 1.6 μg/mL; p < 0.05). |
| POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS | ||||
| Fargnoli et al. [13] | 2008 | Prospective cohort study | 1922 women, free of CVD, diabetes and cancer, aged 30–55 y | Women from the group characterized by the lowest ratio of PUFA to SFA consumption had significantly higher total AD (12.66 ± 1.03 μg/mL vs. 11.47 ± 1.03 μg/mL; p = 0.01) and HMW (4.19 ± 1.04 μg/mL vs. 3.60 ± 1.03 μg/mL; p = 0.005) compared to women with the highest ratio. |
| Kalgaonkar et al. [58] | 2011 | Randomized, prospective study | 36 women with PCOS, aged 20–45 y | The consumption of walnuts and almonds significantly increased AD concentrations (walnuts: 9.5 ± 1.6 μg/mL vs. 11.3 ± 1.8 μg/mL; p = 0.0241; almonds: 10.1 ± 1.5 μg/mL vs. 12.2 ± 1.4 μg/mL; p = 0.0262). |
| Nadjarzadeh et al. [53] | 2015 | Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. | 84 women with polycystic ovary syndrome, aged > 18 y | Omega-3 supplementation (180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA) for eight weeks significantly increased AD concentrations (4.44 ± 1.92 μg/mL vs. 5.62 ± 2.68 μg/mL; p < 0.005). |
| Gomes et al. [56] | 2015 | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trail | 20 men and women with T2DM, aged 30–65 y | Supplementation with 3 g of ALA increased AD concentrations after 60 days (10.61 ± 6.53 μg/mL vs. 15.01 ± 11.68 μg/mL; p = 0.01). |
| Balfegó et al. [51] | 2016 | Pilot randomized trial | 35 men and women with T2DM, aged 40–70 y | Introducing 10 g of sardines into the diet (five times a week for six months) was associated with a significant increase in AD concentrations (2.1 ± 0.3 μg/mL vs. 3.0 ± 0.3 μg/mL; p = 0.04) |
| Barbosa et al. [48] | 2017 | Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial | 80 men and women with at least one cardiovascular risk factor, aged 30–74 y | Omega-3 supplementation (3 g/d) for two months significantly increased AD concentrations (14.8 ± 10.0 μg/mL vs. 18.2 ± 12.1 μg/mL; p = 0.021). |
| Mazaherioun et al. [49] | 2017 | Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial | 88 men and women with T2DM, aged 30–65 y | Omega-3 supplementation (2.7 g/d) significantly increased AD concentrations (5.09 ± 2.79 μg/mL vs. 5.58 ± 3.13 μg/mL; p < 0.001). |
| Mejia-Montilla et al. [54] | 2018 | Prospective study | 195 women with PCOS, aged > 18 y | N-3 supplementation (180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA) significantly increased AD concentrations (3.9 ± 1.1 μg/mL vs. 5.3 ± 1.4 μg/mL; p = 0.001), both in women with HOMA-IR <3.5 (3.9 ± 1.1 μg/mL vs. 5.3 ± 1.4 μg/mL; p < 0.0001), and in those with HOMA-IR >3.5 (4.1 ± 1.1 μg/mL vs. 5.6 ± 1.3 μg/mL; p = 0.005). |
| Song et al. [52] | 2018 | Double-blind randomized controlled trial | 201 healthy men and women, aged > 40 y | An increase in AD concentrations over 12 weeks as a result of omega-3 supplementation at a dose of: 3.1 g/d (5.79 ± 2.68 μg/mL vs. 6.36 ± 2.64 μg/mL; p < 0.05), 6.2 g/d (5.72 ± 2.07 μg/mL vs. 6.87 ± 2.58 μg/mL; p < 0.01) and 12.4 g/d (5.81 ± 2.13 μg/mL vs. 7.43 ± 2.63 μg/mL; p < 0.01). |
| Bahreini et al. [47] | 2018 | A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional trials (10 randomized controlled trails) | 177 men and women with T2DM, aged > 18 y | An increase in AD concentrations by 0.57 μg/mL as a result of omega-3 supplementation (95% CI 0.15–1.31; p = 0.01). |
| Becic et al. [45] | 2018 | A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional trials (10 randomized controlled trails) | 460 men and women with prediabetes and T2DM, aged > 18 y | An increase in AD concentrations by 0.48 μg/mL as a result of omega-3 supplementation (95% Cl 0.27–0.68; p < 0.00001). |
| Haidari et al. [55] | 2020 | Randomized open-labeled controlled clinical trial | 41 women with PCOS, aged 18–45 y | An increase in AD concentrations over 12 weeks as a result of supplementation with 30 g of ground linseed (13.04 ± 3.36 μg/mL vs. 17.36 ± 4.1 μg/mL; p = 0.002). |
| Khorrami et al. [50] | 2020 | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study | 80 overweight or obese men and women with atrial fibrillation, aged > 50 y | An increase in AD concentrations over eight weeks as a result of supplementation with 2 g/d of fish oil (11.88 ± 6.94 μg/mL vs. 13.15 ± 7.33 μg/mL; p = 0.026). |
| Yang et al. [59] | 2020 | A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (3 randomized controlled trails) | 823 men and women, aged > 18 y | The consumption of walnuts significantly increased AD concentrations (WMD: 0.440 μg/mL; 95% CI: 0.323 to 0.557; p < 0.001). |
| DIETARY FIBER | ||||
| Qi et al. [63] | 2005 | Cross-sectional study | 780 men with T2DM, aged 40–75 y | Men from the highest quartile of dietary fiber consumption had significantly higher AD concentrations compared to men from the lowest quartile (17.3 μg/mL vs. 14.2 μg/mL; p = 0.006). |
| Mantzoros et al. [17] | 2006 | Cross-sectional study | 987 diabetic women, aged 30–55 y | The consumption of whole-grain cereal products was associated with significantly higher AD concentrations (6.11 ± 1.06 μg/mL vs. 4.92 ± 1.05 μg/mL; p < 0.01). |
| Fargnoli et al. [13] | 2008 | Prospective cohort study | 1922 women free of CVD, diabetes and cancer, aged 30–55 y | Women from the highest quartile of cereal fiber consumption were characterized by significantly higher total AD concentrations (14.73 ± 1.03 μg/mL vs. 13.36 ± 1.04 μg/mL; p < 0.04) and AD HMW (5.32 ± 1.04 μg/mL vs. 4.56 ± 1.04 μg/mL; p < 0.02) compared to women from the lowest quartile. |
| Pereira et al. [62] | 2016 | Observational, cross-sectional study | 43 men and women, 18–60 y | A higher consumption of fiber included in vegetables and fruit was associated with higher AD concentrations (r = 0.50; p = 0.0007). The concentrations of adiponectin were 4.7 μg/mL (p = 0.03) higher in individuals from the highest quartile of cereal fiber consumption compared to participants from the lowest quartile. |
| AlEssa et al. [64] | 2016 | Cross-sectional study | 2458 women, free of diabetes, aged 43–70 y | Women from the highest quintile of total fiber (p < 0.001), cereal fiber (p < 0.001), fruit fiber (p = 0.014) and vegetable fiber (p = 0.011) consumption had significantly higher AD concentrations compared to women from the lowest quintile. |
| CURCUMIN | ||||
| Campos-Cervantes et al. [77] | 2011 | Randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled trial | 50 obese men, aged 25–30 y | An increase in AD concentrations after six and 12 weeks of supplementation with 500 mg of curcumin (after six weeks: 16.0 μg/mL vs. 18.5 μg/mL; p < 0.01 and after 12 weeks: 16.0 μg/mL vs. 18. μg/mL; p < 0.02). |
| Panahi et al. [76] | 2016 | Randomized controlled trial | 117 men and women, aged > 18 y | An increase in AD concentrations after eight weeks of supplementation with 1000 mg of curcumin (12.67 ± 2.13 μg/mL vs. 21.28 ± 4.40 μg/mL; p < 0.001). |
| Mirhafez et al. [78] | 2019 | Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial | 65 men and women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, aged > 18 y | Supplementation with 250 mg/d of curcumin for wight weeks caused a significant increase in AD concentrations (14.35 ± 7.72 μg/mL vs. 18.23 ± 9.75 μg/mL; p < 0.001). |
| Adibian et al. [79] | 2019 | Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial | 44 men and women with T2DM, aged 40–70 y | Supplementation with 1500 mg/d of curcumin for 10 weeks caused a significant increase in AD concentrations (52.0 ± 8.0 μg/mL vs. 64.0 ± 3.0 μg/mL; p < 0.0001). |
| Clark et al. [81] | 2019 | A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional trials (10 randomized controlled trails) | 652 men and women with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes subjects, obese men or with metabolic syndrome, aged 18–84 y | Supplementation with curcumin caused a significant increase in AD concentrations compared to placebo (WMD: 0.82 Hedges’ g; 95% CI 0.33–1.30; p˂0.001). A particularly beneficial effect of at least 10 weeks of supplementation (WMD: 1.05 Hedges’ g; 95% CI: 0.64 to 1.45; p ˂ 0.001). |
| Akbari et al. [80] | 2019 | Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (21 randomized controlled trails) | 1646 men and women with metabolic syndrome | An increase in AD concentrations after supplementation with curcumin (SMD 1.05; 95% CI 0.23–1.87; p = 0.01). |
| ANTHOCYANINS | ||||
| Jeong et al. [84] | 2014 | Prospective randomized double-blind study | 77 men and women with metabolic syndrome, aged 18–75 y | Daily black raspberry consumption for 12 weeks was associated with an increase in AD concentrations (5.7 ± 5.1 μg/mL vs. 7.7 ± 5.0 μg/mL; p < 0.05). |
| Tucakovic et al. [82] | 2018 | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial | 20 apparently healthy men and women, aged 18–65 y | Supplementation with the Queen Garnet plum for four weeks increased AD concentrations by the average of 3.83 μg/mL (p = 0.048). |
| Yang et al. [83] | 2020 | Randomized controlled trial | 160 men and women with T2DM or prediabetes | Anthocyanin supplementation for 12 weeks was associated with an increase in AD concentrations compared to placebo (increase by 0.46 μg/mL; p = 0.038). |
| RESVERATROL | ||||
| Tomé-Carneiro et al. [85] | 2013 | Triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | 75 men and women, aged > 18 y | Supplementation with grape extract for six months increased AD concentrations by 9.6% (p = 0.01). |
| Mohammadi-Sartang et al. [89] | 2017 | Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (9 randomized controlled trails) | 590 men and women, aged > 18 y | Resveratrol supplementation significantly increased AD concentrations (WMD: 1.10 μg/mL, 95% CI 0.88, 1.33; p < 0.001) |
| QUERCETIN | ||||
| Kim et al. [87] | 2016 | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study | 37 healthy overweight and obese women | AD increase after 12 weeks of quercetin supplementation (3.6 ± 2.0 μg/mL vs. 6.9 ± 2.3 μg/mL; p < 0.05). |
| Rezvan et al. [88] | 2018 | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study | 81 women with PCOS, aged 20–40 y | An increased expression of the AD receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) after 12 weeks of supplementation with 1 g/d of quercetin (p < 0.01). |
| LIGNANS | ||||
| Shahi et al. [86] | 2017 | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study | 48 men and women with T2DM, aged 30–60 y | AD increase after eight weeks of supplementation with 200 mg/d of sesamin (6.21 ± 1.33 μg/mL vs. 7.34 ± 2.88 μg/mL; p = 0.024). |
| COFFEE | ||||
| Williams et al. [70] | 2008 | Prospective cohort study | 982 women with T2DM and 1058 nondiabetic women | The consumption of ≥4 cups of coffee daily was associated with significantly higher AD compared to the consumption of <1 cup a week (women with T2DM: 7.7 vs. 6.1 μg/mL; p = 0.002, nondiabetic women: 15.0 vs. 13.2 μg/mL; p = 0.04). |
| Kempf et al. [68] | 2010 | Single-blind clinical trial | 47 men and women, free of T2DM, aged 18–65 y | The consumption of eight cups of coffee daily was associated with significantly higher AD concentrations compared to consuming no coffee (8421 (6634–11256) ng/mL vs. 7957 (6317, 10901) ng/mL; p < 0.05). |
| Imatoh et al. [71] | 2011 | Cross-sectional study | 665 men, aged > 18 y | The consumption of ≥3 cups of coffee daily was associated with significantly higher AD compared to consuming no coffee (6.9 ± 3.3 μg/mL vs. 6.0 ± 2.6 μg/mL; p < 0.01). |
| Yamashita et al. [69] | 2012 | Cross-sectional study | 3317 men and women, aged 35–69 y | The consumption of ≥4 cups of coffee daily was associated with significantly higher AD compared to the consumption of <1 cup a week (7.23 (6.84–7.65) μg/mL vs. 6.58 (6.40–6.76) μg/mL; p = 0.005). |
| GREEN TEA | ||||
| Hsu et al. [73] | 2008 | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | 78 obese women, aged 16–60 y | An increase in AD concentrations after 12 weeks of supplementation with 400 mg of green tea extract (18.9 ± 6.7 μg/mL vs. 21.4 ± 8.7 μg/mL; p < 0.01). |
| Fragopoulou et al. [5] | 2010 | Cross-sectional study | 532 men and women free of CVD, aged > 18 y | A correlation was found between green tea consumption and AD concentrations (rho = 0.108; p = 0.04). |
| Liu et al. [74] | 2014 | Randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial | 102 men and women with T2DM, aged 20–65 y | An increase in AD concentrations after 16 weeks of supplementation with 500 mg of green tea extract (20.2 ± 5.1 μg/mL vs. 21.7 ± 5.1 μg/mL; p < 0.046). |
| Chen et al. [72] | 2016 | Randomized, double-blind trial | 92 obese women, aged 20–60 y | An increase in AD concentrations after 12 weeks of supplementation with 856.8 mg of green tea extract (20.9 ± 11.0 μg/mL vs. 24.0 ± 10.7 μg/mL; p = 0.009). |
| DAIRY PRODUCTS | ||||
| Yannakoulia et al. [92] | 2008 | Cross-sectional study | 196 apparently healthy women, aged 18–84 y | A correlation occurred between AD and a dietary pattern rich in low-fat dairy and whole-grain cereal products (r = 0.15; p = 0.04). |
| Niu et al. [93] | 2013 | Cross-sectional one-year longitudinal study | 938 apparently healthy men and women, aged > 18 y | The consumption of low-fat milk products (58.9–375 g/d) was associated with significantly higher AD concentrations compared to no consumption of such products (8.3 (7.8, 8.9) μg/mL vs. 7.3 (6.9, 7.6) μg/mL; p < 0.01). |
| Fragopoulou et al. [5] | 2010 | Cross-sectional study | 532 man and women free of CVD, aged > 18 y | A correlation occurred between the consumption of low-fat milk products and AD concentrations (rho = 0.119, p = 0.04). |
| Bahari et al. [91] | 2018 | Cross-sectional study | 612 men and women, 35–69 y | A diet characterized by the higher consumption of milk products was associated with higher AD concentrations (4.78 (3.24, 7.38) μg/mL vs. 3.68 (2.42, 6.12) μg/mL; p = 0.004). |
| ALCOHOL | ||||
| Pischon et al. [12] | 2005 | Prospective cohort study | 532 men, aged 40–75 y | Men from the highest quintile of AD concentrations (>24.9 μg/mL) consumed significantly more alcohol (16.2 ± 1.06 g/d vs. 13.05 ± 0.7 g/d) compared to men from the lowest quintile of AD concentrations (<10.6 μg/mL); p = 0.006). A correlation occurred between AD concentrations and alcohol consumption (r = 0.14; p = 0.002). |
| Fargnoli et al. [13] | 2008 | Prospective cohort study | 1922 women free of CVD, diabetes and cancer, aged 30–55 y | Total AD concentrations were 28% higher (16.01 ± 1.03 vs. 12.50 ± 1.03; p < 0.0001) and HMW AD concentrations were 45% higher (6.10 ± 1.04 vs. 4.21 ± 1.03; p < 0.0001) in women from the highest quintile of alcohol consumption compared to those who consumed no alcohol. |
| Beulens et al. [95] | 2007 | Randomized, controlled, cross-over trial | 17 apparently healthy men, aged 18–40 y | Moderate alcohol consumption (32 g/d) for four weeks caused an increase in total AD concentrations by 12.5% (p < 0.001). |
| Bell et al. [94] | 2015 | Prospective cohort study | 2855 men and women, aged 40–63 y | Alcohol consumption was cross-sectionally associated with AD concentrations (β = 0.003; p < 0.001). |
| Nova et al. [96] | 2019 | Observational cross-sectional study | 240 men and women, aged 55–85 y | Wine consumption was associated with higher AD (β = 204, 95% CI: 37–370; p = 0.017). |
Abbreviations: CVD, Cardiovascular disease; y, years; AHEI, Alternate Healthy Eating Index; AD, adiponectin; AD HMW, high-molecular-weight adiponectin; MD, Mediterranean diet; WMD, Weighted Mean Difference, T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; DASH, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension; VLCD, very low calorie diet; LCD, low calorie diet; PUFA, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; SFA, Saturated Fatty Acids; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; ALA, α-linolenic acid; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance.