Table 2.
Main information of the reviewed VR experimental studies.
| Number, Authors, Published Year | Sample (n) | Diagnosis | Mean Age (Years) (SD) |
Duration (Days × Weeks) |
Study Type | Control | Virtual-Reality Training Used | Main Results | Duration Post-Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manera et al. (2016) [126] | 57 | MCI/AD | 75.6 7 |
1 session | Feasibility study | VR task vs. Paper-pencil task | Attentional task (Selective and sustained attention) | Increased satisfaction and preference to VR-task | Not tested |
| White and Moussavi (2016) [130] | 1 | AD | 74 | 1 d × 7 w | Case study | None | Virtual Reality Navigation environment | Improved navigation skill | 5 weeks/28 weeks |
| Serino et al. (2017) [136] | 20 | AD | 87.6 4.8 |
3 d × 3/4 w | Development-of-Concept Trial | Control Group |
VR-training for spatial abilities | Improved long-term Spatial memory | Not tested |
| Caggianese et al. (2018) [145] | - | - | - | - | Project study | - | VR for realistic enviroment | - | Not tested |
| Quintana and Favela (2012) [146] | 6 | Healthy subjects | 28 | 1 session | Project study | None | Ambient aNnotation System (ANS) | Improved recognition of tags with audio notifications | Not tested |
| Rohrbach et al. (2019) [148] | 10 | AD | 71.8 11.1 |
1 session | Crossover study | AR condition vs. Natural condition | Therapy Lens (Microsoft HololensTM) | Trend in diminished sequencing errors | Not tested |
| Aruanno and Garzotto (2019) [149] | 11 | MCI | 84.1 7.2 |
1 session | Feasibility study | None | MemHolo (Mixed Reality HoloLensTM) | Positive evaluation of MemHolo | Not tested |
| Burdea et al. (2015) [164] | 1 | PPA | 51 | 2 d × 8 w | Single-case study | None | BrightBrainerTM | Improved verbal skills | Not tested |
| Robles-Garcia et al. (2016) [183] | 16 | PD | 66.6 9.5 |
4 w | Randomized controlled pilot-study | Active-control group | VR-Motor imitation | Decreased hypometria | Not tested |
| de Melo et al. (2018) [185] | 37 | PD | 62.2 10.6 |
3 d × 4 w | Randomized, controlled clinical study | Control group, Treadmill group | VR-Gait training | Improved gait | 30 days |
| Janeh et al. (2019) [190] | 15 | PD | 67.6 7 |
1 session | Pilot study | Natural gait vs. VR-gait | VR-Gait training (GAITRiteTM; CIR Systems, Inc., Franklin, NJ, USA) | Improved gait | Not tested |
| de Menezes Sanguinet et al. (2016) [191] | 14 | PD | 64 9 |
6 m | Uncontrolled clinical study | None | Non-immersive virtual reality games with KinectTM (One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA, USA) | Improved PDQ-39 scores and mobility/cognitive skills | Not tested |
| Maggio et al. (2018) [192] | 20 | PD | 69.4 8.2 |
3 d × 8 w | Randomized Clinical study | Control group | BTS Nirvana (BTS-N) | Improved cognitive function | Not tested |
AD = Alzheimer’s disease; AR = Augmented reality; MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment; PD = Parkinson’s disease; PPA = primary progressive aphasia; VR = Virtual Reality.