Table 2.

Routes of administration for cationic nanoparticulate cancer vaccines with the accompanied observed biodistribution. A limited number of studies describe i.n. administration of cationic nanoparticles, but not with cancer vaccines. Nonetheless, the i.n. route with cationic nanoparticulate formulations with peptide and mRNA have been included in the table.

Route of Administration	Biodistribution Profiles	Ref
Intradermal (i.d.)	- Depot formation at the SOI - Prolonged Ag presentation at the SOI - Prolonged Ag presentation in draining lymph nodes	[29,62,67,68]
Subcutaneous (s.c.)	- Depot formation at the SOI - Prolonged Ag presentation at the SOI - Prolonged Ag presentation in draining lymph nodes	[62,71,73,75,94,95,96,107,120]
Intramuscular (i.m.)	- Depot formation at the SOI - Prolonged Ag presentation at the SOI	[95,96,107,121,122,123]
Intraperitoneal (i.p.)	- Rapid drainage to multiple lymphoid organs - Limited/no depot formation	[26,62,69,89,124]
Intravenously (i.v.)	- Systemic Ag exposure - Uptake by splenic DCs - Uptake by APCs in lungs	[9,10,33,34,62,125,126]
Intranodal (i.n.)	- High vaccine concentration in lymph nodes - Complex injection (ultra-sound or tracer guided)	[119,127,128,129]

Abbreviations: Ag = antigen, SOI = site of injection.