Figure 1.

IER has been claimed to be associated with a variety of favorable metabolic adaptations leading to cardiometabolic benefits, comprising reduced anabolic processes, increased hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis, elevated FFA oxidation and ketogenesis, cellular resistance to metabolic stress, enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and increased quality control mechanisms (i.e., autophagy), ensuring disposal of damaged molecules and cellular component repair.