Table 2.
Nanosystems for treatment of MRSA infections.
| NS Type | Strategy/Observations/Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Phages (free) | Phage K, Phages +drugs → synergism against biofilm (also in vivo) | [29,30,31,32,33,34,35] |
| LIPs | ↑ drug deposited in infected tissues; Controlled release; | [39,41,50,52,56,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,70,71,72,73] |
| PEG-LIPs | Prolonged circulation/modified pharmacokinetics (↑ activity and/or ↓ toxicity); Synergistic/additive effects of drug combinations; | [38,42,43,53,75,76,77,81,82] |
| Targeted LIPs | Specific administration (inhalable, skin); Bacterial (toxin) triggered; Fusogenic (penetrate biofilms); Ligand-targeted; pH-sensitive; | [40,43,44,45,46,48,49,57] |
| Special LIPs | Elastic; Bacterial toxin specific; Polycationic (disorganize bacterial wall and ↑ permeability); Anionic or Cationic for ↓ of genes; | [54,68,69,74,79,80] |
| Hybrid-LIP | Polymer-embedded/coated, for optimal encapsulation, release, disposition; | [47,51,55,58] |
| Phage-LIPs | Phage cocktails → ↑ Phage persistence; Effective Phage delivery; | [15,78] |
| Inorganic-NPs | Metallic-NPs + drugs → additive or synergistic effects | [84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,93,94,95,96,97] |
| Polymer-NPs | Modified drug disposition & release; ↑ activity of water insoluble drugs; ↑ enzymatic stability; | [98,99,100,101,102,103,104,106] |
| Targeted Non-lipid NPs | NPs bind to MRSA surface → ↑ efficacy; ↑ cellular uptake of drugs; ↑ drug release in presence of bacterial lipases; | [92,105,107] |