Figure 2.

The hispidin effect on ROS production and ROS-dependent signaling (marked green). AGE—Advanced glycation end-product; AKT—Protein kinase B; BACE1—β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (β-secretase); Bax—Bcl-2-associated X protein; CYP450—cytochrome P450; eNOS—Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ER—Endoplasmic reticulum; IKK—IκB kinase; JNK—Jun N-Terminal protein kinase; NF-kB—Nuclear factor-kappa B; NFAT—Nuclear factor of activated T-cells; p66^Shc—isoform of SHC1 adaptor protein; PAK—Serine/threonine-protein kinase; PKCβ—protein kinase C β-isoform; RAGE—Receptor for AGE; ROS—reactive oxygen species; Src—Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase.