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. 2021 May 19;59(1):44. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5224

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Copyright: © Wang et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Functions of TDEs in cancer metastasis. TDEs can increase the permeability of blood vessels, which means that cancer cells are more likely to pass through blood vessels and seed in organs. TDEs can also recruit fibroblasts and immune cells, leading to matrix remodeling, causing upregulation of MMP and PN, forming a pre-metastatic niche and promoting tumor metastasis. TDE, tumor derived exosome; miR, microRNA; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; SOX2ot, SRY-related high-mobility-group box protein-2 overlapping transcript; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; DC, dendritic cell; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; TAN, tumor associated neutrophil; CCL2, cell chemokine ligand 2; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; IL, interleukin; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; PN, periostin.