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. 2021 May 19;59(1):44. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5224

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Copyright: © Wang et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Exosomes derived from CAFs and TAMs can be taken up by cancer cells and change the metabolism in cancer cells. Exosomes secreted by non-tumor cells change the metabolism of tumor cells. Exosomes enter into cancer cells mainly by endocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. The amino acids and HISLA released from exosomes inhibit oxidative phosphorylation and cause glycolysis and glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation. CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; HISLA, HIF-1α-stabilizing long non-coding RNA; PKM2, pyruvate kinase M2; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; 1,3DPG, 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; OOA, oxaloacetic acid; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; GLUT, glucose transporter.