Table 3.
Logistic regression estimates for multimorbidity among older adults in the LASI cohort, India
| Background characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Obese/overweight | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.61* (1.48 to 1.74) | 1.61* (1.48 to 1.74) | 1.60* (1.48 to 1.74) | |
| High-risk waist circumference | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.66* (1.52 to 1.8) | 1.66* (1.52 to 1.81) | 1.66* (1.52 to 1.81) | |
| High-risk waist to hip ratio | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.45* (1.33 to 1.59) | 1.45* (1.33 to 1.59) | 1.45* (1.33 to 1.59) | |
| Physical activity status | ||||
| Frequent | Ref | |||
| Rare | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.16) | |||
| Never | 1.33* (1.21 to 1.46) | |||
| Age (in years) | ||||
| Young-old | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Old-old | 1.26* (1.17 to 1.34) | 1.25* (1.17 to 1.34) | 1.26* (1.17 to 1.34) | 1.26* (1.17 to 1.34) |
| Oldest-old | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.22) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.22) | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.22) | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.22) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 0.86* (0.79 to 0.94) | 0.86* (0.79 to 0.94) | 0.86* (0.79 to 0.94) | 0.86* (0.79 to 0.94) |
| Education | ||||
| No education/primary not completed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Primary completed | 1.27* (1.16 to 1.4) | 1.27* (1.16 to 1.4) | 1.28* (1.16 to 1.4) | 1.28* (1.16 to 1.4) |
| Secondary completed | 1.29* (1.18 to 1.41) | 1.29* (1.18 to 1.41) | 1.29* (1.18 to 1.41) | 1.29* (1.18 to 1.41) |
| Higher and above | 1.24* (1.1 to 1.39) | 1.24* (1.1 to 1.39) | 1.24* (1.1 to 1.39) | 1.24* (1.1 to 1.39) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Currently married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Widowed | 0.97 (0.9 to 1.04) | 0.97 (0.9 to 1.04) | 0.97 (0.9 to 1.04) | 0.97 (0.9 to 1.04) |
| Others | 0.81* (0.67 to 0.99) | 0.81* (0.67 to 0.99) | 0.81* (0.67 to 0.99) | 0.81* (0.67 to 0.99) |
| Working status | ||||
| Working | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Retired | 1.79* (1.64 to 1.94) | 1.78* (1.64 to 1.94) | 1.78* (1.64 to 1.94) | 1.79* (1.64 to 1.94) |
| Not working | 1.77* (1.6 to 1.96) | 1.76* (1.59 to 1.95) | 1.77* (1.6 to 1.96) | 1.77* (1.6 to 1.96) |
| Tobacco consumption | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.14) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.14) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.14) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.14) |
| MPCE quintile | ||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Poorer | 1.23* (1.11 to 1.36) | 1.23* (1.11 to 1.36) | 1.23* (1.11 to 1.36) | 1.23* (1.11 to 1.36) |
| Middle | 1.39* (1.26 to 1.53) | 1.39* (1.26 to 1.53) | 1.39* (1.26 to 1.53) | 1.39* (1.26 to 1.53) |
| Richer | 1.60* (1.45 to 1.77) | 1.60* (1.45 to 1.77) | 1.60* (1.45 to 1.77) | 1.60* (1.45 to 1.77) |
| Richest | 1.98* (1.79 to 2.19) | 1.98* (1.79 to 2.19) | 1.98* (1.79 to 2.19) | 1.98* (1.79 to 2.19) |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Muslim | 1.32* (1.21 to 1.45) | 1.32* (1.21 to 1.45) | 1.33* (1.21 to 1.45) | 1.32* (1.21 to 1.45) |
| Christian | 1.20* (1.06 to 1.36) | 1.20* (1.06 to 1.36) | 1.20* (1.06 to 1.36) | 1.20* (1.06 to 1.36) |
| Others | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.29) | 1.12 (0.98 to 1.29) | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.29) | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.29) |
| Caste | ||||
| Scheduled Caste | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Scheduled Tribe | 0.67* (0.59 to 0.77) | 0.67* (0.59 to 0.77) | 0.67* (0.59 to 0.77) | 0.67* (0.59 to 0.77) |
| Other Backward Class | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.12) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.12) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.12) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.12) |
| Others | 1.10* (1.00 to 1.22) | 1.10* (1.00 to 1.22) | 1.10* (1.00 to 1.22) | 1.10* (1.00 to 1.22) |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Rural | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Urban | 1.43* (1.34 to 1.53) | 1.43* (1.34 to 1.53) | 1.43* (1.34 to 1.53) | 1.43* (1.34 to 1.53) |
| Region | ||||
| North | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Central | 0.71* (0.63 to 0.8) | 0.71* (0.63 to 0.8) | 0.71* (0.63 to 0.8) | 0.71* (0.63 to 0.8) |
| East | 1.21* (1.09 to 1.33) | 1.2* (1.09 to 1.33) | 1.21* (1.09 to 1.33) | 1.21* (1.09 to 1.34) |
| Northeast | 0.72* (0.63 to 0.83) | 0.72* (0.63 to 0.83) | 0.72* (0.63 to 0.83) | 0.72* (0.63 to 0.83) |
| West | 1.42* (1.28 to 1.58) | 1.42* (1.28 to 1.58) | 1.42* (1.28 to 1.58) | 1.42* (1.28 to 1.58) |
| South | 1.88* (1.71 to 2.07) | 1.88* (1.71 to 2.07) | 1.88* (1.71 to 2.07) | 1.88* (1.71 to 2.07) |
| Obese/overweight × physical activity status | ||||
| Yes × frequent | Ref | |||
| No × frequent | 0.55* (0.46 to 0.66) | |||
| No × rare | 0.59* (0.49 to 0.7) | |||
| No × never | 0.77* (0.66 to 0.9) | |||
| Yes × rare | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.2) | |||
| Yes × never | 1.21* (1.04 to 1.4) | |||
| High-risk waist circumference × physical activity status | ||||
| Yes × frequent | Ref | |||
| No × frequent | 0.59* (0.49 to 0.71) | |||
| No × rare | 0.59* (0.49 to 0.72) | |||
| No × never | 0.80* (0.68 to 0.94) | |||
| Yes × rare | 1.10 (0.88 to 1.38) | |||
| Yes × never | 1.30* (1.11 to 1.53) | |||
| High-risk waist to hip ratio × physical activity status | ||||
| Yes × frequent | Ref | |||
| No × frequent | 0.68* (0.54 to 0.84) | |||
| No × rare | 0.61* (0.47 to 0.79) | |||
| No × never | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.07) | |||
| Yes × rare | 1.06 (0.93 to 1.20) | |||
| Yes × never | 1.32* (1.20 to 1.46) | |||
‘×’ means interaction.
*If p<0.05.
AOR, adjusted OR; LASI, Longitudinal Aging Study in India; MPCE, monthly per capita consumption expenditure; Ref, reference.