Table 1:
Baseline Clinical Characteristics
| Characteristic | Total N=695 |
|---|---|
| Age, mean years | 57 (16) |
| Female sex, n (%) | 414 (60) |
| Past smoking, n (%) | 262 (38) |
| Current Smoking, n (%) | 22 (3) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 177 (45) |
| Prevalent MI, n (%) | 28 (4) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 364 (52) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 29 (7) |
| Diabetes Mellitus, n (%) | 109 (16) |
| Atrial Fibrillation, n (%) | 101 (15) |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea, n (%) | 146 (21) |
| Restrictive lung disease, n (%) | 98 (14) |
| COPD, n (%) | 174 (25) |
| Connective tissue disease, n (%) | 60 (9) |
| Obese, n (%) | 278 (40) |
| Obesity related inflammatory Biomarkers | |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL | 6556 (4232–9485) |
| Leptin, pg/mL | 17128 (7291–32249) |
| Resistin, pg/mL | 11575 (9075–15294) |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 4.5 (2.9–7.7) |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.9 (0.8–4.6) |
| HOMA-IR, mg·IU/dL·mL | 2.1 (1.1–3.7) |
| Pulmonary Parameters | |
| FEV1, % predicted | 87 (20) |
| FVC, % predicted | 91 (19) |
| FEV1/FVC, % predicted | 95 (11) |
| TLC, % predicted | 95 (17) |
| DLCO, % predicted | 73 (21) |
| Gas Exchange Parameters | |
| Peak VO2, ml/kg/min | 16 (13–20) |
| % predicted peak VO2, wasserman | 73 (62–86) |
| Work, watts | 98 (73–127) |
| Peak RER | 1.17 (1.09–1.24) |
| PETCO2 at AT, mmHg | 35 (31–38) |
| Breathing reserve, % | 37 (22–48) |
| PV Parameters | |
| PAP/CO slope, mm Hg/L/min | 2.60 (1.8–4.0) |
| PAC, mL/mmHg | 0.004 (0.003–0.006) |
| Pulm distensibility, % per mmHg | 0.01 (0.008–.002) |
| RVEF(peak exercise), % | 53 (47–59) |
Values are means (standard deviations) or medians (inter-quartile ranges) unless otherwise noted. Abbreviations: MI, myocardial infarction; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; TLC, total lung capacity; DLCO, diffusion capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide; VO2, maximum oxygen consumption; VE/VCO2 slope, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; PETCO2 at AT, Postapneic End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Pressure at Anaerobic Threshold; PAP/CO; pulmonary artery pressure/cardiac output; PAC, pulmonary artery compliance; RVEF, Right ventricular ejection fraction