Table 3.

Splenic volumes (quantified by means of ultrasonography) and performance characteristics of breath-hold divers

References	Participants	Performance characteristics	Formula	Splenic volume (mL)
Hurford et al. (1990)	10 female Korean Ama habitual BHD (age: 38–60 years) and 3 female control (age: 24 ± 1 years)	Years practicing apnoea: 34 ± 7 years Length of diving shifts 174 ± 46 min	Cross-sectional area = 0.8 × (length × width) Volume = (7.53 × cross-sectional area) − 77.56	BHD: 206 ± 49 Control: 223 ± 48
Baković et al. (2003)	10 male trained BHD (age: 28.6 ± 1.7 years) and 10 male untrained individuals (age: 27.8 ± 2.4 years)	–		BHD: 344.1 ± 16.6 ND: 332 ± 25.1
Prommer et al. (2007)	7 male (age: 35 ± 9 years) and 3 female trained BHD (age: 32 ± 6 years), and 7 male Scuba divers (age: 38 ± 11 years)	Years practicing apnoea:  > 3 years Training background: 2—3 h, 3 times per week or more		BHD: 191 ± 47 Scuba divers: 229 ± 55
Palada et al. (2007)	7 experienced BHD (age: 27.4 ± 4.6 years)	Years practicing apnoea: 7.1 ± 3.6 years (5–14) PB STA: 284.0 ± 34.4 s (240–335) PB Constant Weight Depth: 33.7 ± 5.6 m (25–40 m)		308 ± 135
Palada et al. (2008)	7 male BHD (age: 27 ± 5 years)	Years practicing apnoea: 7 ± 4 years (5–14 years) PB STA: 284 ± 34 s (240–335 s) PB Constant Weight Depth: 34 ± 6 m (25–40 m)		283 ± 76
Schagatay et al. (2012)	14 male EBHD (age: 29 ± 2 years)	Years practicing apnoea: 5.8 ± 1.2 years Training background: 6.2 ± 0.6 h per week	Pilström formula Volume = (Lπ[WT−T2]/3)	336 ± 32 (215–598)
Elia et al. (2019b)	11 male EBHD and 10 male matched control ND	Years practicing apnoea: 7 ± 2 years Training background: 8 ± 2 h per week PB STA: 414 ± 101 s PB DYN: 202 ± 46 m PB DNF: 145 ± 50 m		BHD: 300 ± 122 (128–499) ND: 297 ± 77 (198–452)

BHD breath-hold divers, DNF dynamic apnoea no fins, DYN dynamic apnoea with fins, EBHD elite breath-hold divers, L length, ND non-divers, PB personal best, STA static apnoea, T thickness, W width