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. 2021 Apr 28;35(5):469–481. doi: 10.1007/s40263-021-00815-y

Table 1.

Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review

First author, year Comparison Population Years nLAIa nOAa Age
Mean ± SD		 Female
N (%)		 Method of
statistical adjustment
Medicaid
 Zhdanava, 2021 [48] PP1M (before and after initiation) Recently relapsed 2009–2018 1725 1725 39.5 ± 13.1 743 (43.1) Pre-post design
 Patel, 2021 [49] PP1M vs. OA Recently relapsed 2009–2018 208 624

PP1M: 38.9 ± 14.3

OA: 39.9 ± 14.2

PP1M: 74 (35.6)

OA: 216 (34.6)

 PSM
 Joshi, 2018 (2) [35] PP1M vs. OA Comorbid substance-related disorders 2009–2015 351 4869

PP1M: 38.4 ± 11.5

OA: 41.9 ± 11.4

PP1M: 101 (28.8)

OA: 2,005 (41.2)

 Multivariable regressions
 Lafeuille, 2018 [65] PP1M vs. OA Comorbid diabetes and/or CVD 2009–2015 371 8296

PP1M: 45.0 ± 10.7

OA: 47.5 ± 10.5

PP1M: 167 (45.0)

OA: 4,228 (51.0)

 Multivariable regressions
 Manjelievskaia, 2018 [54] PP1M vs. OA General 2009–2015 949 14,649

PP1M: 40.3 ± 35.7

OA: 40.0 ± 9.5

PP1M: 3,926 (51.2)

OA: 4,053 (51.1)

 IPTW
 Shah, 2018 [55] LAI vs. OAb Recently diagnosed 2010–2015 2302 2302

LAI: 37.3 ± 13.03

OA: 37.0 ± 13.09

LAI: 1,037 (46.6)

OA: 1,033 (44.9)

 PSM
 Greene, 2017 [66] LAI vs. OAc General 2012–2015 2861 2777

LAI: 39.9 ± 13.2

OA: 42.0 ± 13.1

LAI: 1,238 (43.3)

OA: 1,526 (55.0)

 Multivariable regressions
 Pesa, 2017 [37] PP1M vs. OA General 2008–2014 722 722

PP1M: 40.4 ± 12.4

OA: 41.2 ± 12.5

PP1M: 331 (45.8)

OA: 325 (45.0)

 PSM
 Pilon, 2017 (1) [22] LAI vs. OAd General 2009–2015 3307 21,355

LAI: 41.8 ± 12.8

OA: 44.2 ± 13.5

LAI: 1,340 (40.5)

OA: 10,675 (50.0)

 Multivariable regressions
 Pilon, 2017 (2) [24] PP1M vs. OA General 2008–2015 2053 22,247

PP1M: 42.9 ± 12.9

OA: 43.6 ± 13.4

PP1M: 5,388 (46.4)

OA: 6,293 (49.6)

 IPTW
 Pilon, 2017 (4) [47] LAI vs. OAe General 2008–2015 2209 20,478

LAI: 42.2 ± 12.8

OA: 44.8 ± 13.2

LAI: 875 (39.6)

OA: 10,006 (48.9)

 Multivariable regressions
 Xiao, 2016f [67] PP1M vs. OA Schizoaffective disorder 2009–2013 876 10,778

PP1M: 42.6 ± 31.8

OA: 43.0 ± 9.7

PP1M: 2,966 (53.1)

OA: 3,277 (54.0)

 Multiple
 Kamat, 2015 [68] LAI (before and after initiation)g General 2006–2010 3094 3094 38.7 ± 12.0 1,392 (45.0) Pre-post design
 Campagna, 2014 [52] PP1M vs. OA General 2008–2011 195 369

PP1M: 37.9 ± 12.2

OA: 38.0 ± 12.4

PP1M: 89 (45.6)

OA: 205 (55.6)

 Not described
VHA
 El Khoury, 2019 [69] PP1M (before and after initiation) Transition from oral risperidone/paliperidone 2014–2018 319 319 51.6 ± 14.2 29 (9.1) Pre-post design
 Lefebvre, 2017 [36] PP1M vs. OA Comorbid substance-related disorders 2010–2015 1684 5188

PP1M: 52.5 ± 16.7

OA: 51.7 ± 9.5

PP1M: 207 (6.1)

OA: 213 (6.1)

 IPTW
 Young-Xu, 2016 [39] PP1M vs. OA General 2009–2014 2285 8005

PP1M: 53.4 ± 17.2

OA: 53.0 ± 9.8

PP1M: 503 (10.0)

OA: 479 (9.1)

 IPTW
 Baser, 2015 [25] PP1M vs. OA General 2007–2012 335 335

PP1M: 51.3 ± 9.9

OA: 51.2 ± 10.3

PP1M: 24 (7.0)

OA: 29 (9.0)

 PSM
Other administrative claimsh
 Joshi, 2018 (1) [70] PP1M vs. OA General 2009–2015 295 2296

PP1M: 56.0 ± 28.5

OA: 55.1 ± 9.2

PP1M: 661 (60.8)

OA: 655 (55.0)

 IPTW
 Yan, 2018 [71] LAI vs. OAi General 2012–2016 408 3361

LAI: 37.3 ± 13.4

OA: 43.6 ± 15.9

LAI: 172 (42.2)

OA: 1,751 (52.1)

 Multivariable regressions
 Lafeuille, 2015 [30] PP1M vs. OA Hospitalized at index 2009–2012 374 45,251

PP1M: 41.1 ± 14.8

OA: 45.6 ± 15.6

PP1M: 120 (32.1)

OA: 17,444 (38.5)

 IPTW

 Offord, 2013

(Commercial) [20]

 LAI vs. OAj General 2005–2010 394 2610

LAI: 41.7 ± 15.5

OA: 37.1 ± 15.9

LAI: 190 (48.2)

OA: 1,298 (49.7)

 Multivariable regressions

 Offord, 2013

(Medicare) [20]

 LAI vs. OAj General 2005–2010 147 518

LAI: 67.2 ± 9.8

OA: 73.2 ± 10.0

LAI: 88 (59.9)

OA: 344 (66.4)

 Not described
Other
 Rozin, 2019 [50] LAI vs. OAk Recently diagnosed 2017 10 14 21.9 ± 2.5 2 (8.3) Not described
 Joshi, 2018 (3) [53] LAI vs. OAl Enrollment in REACH-OUT 2010–2013 599 281

LAI: 41.1 ± 12.4

OA: 42.1 ± 13.4

LAI: 161 (27.5)

OA: 94 (34.2)

 Not described
 Anderson, 2017 [72] PP1M vs. OA Enrollment in REACH-OUT 2010–2013 482 281

PP1M: 41.1 ± 12.6

OA: 42.1 ± 13.4

PP1M: 138 (29.0)

OA: 94 (34.2)

 Multiple

CVD cardiovascular disease, IPTW, inverse probability treatment weighting, LAI long-acting injectable(s), OA oral antipsychotic, PP1M paliperidone palmitate once monthly, PSM propensity score matching, REACH-OUT Research and Evaluation of Antipsychotic Treatment in Community Behavioral Health Organizations, Outcomes, SD standard deviation, VHA Veterans Health Administration

aSample sizes for matched studies are based on matched cohorts. Sample sizes for studies using IPTW are based on unweighted cohorts

bLAI included aripiprazole, fluphenazine decanoate, haloperidol decanoate, olanzapine pamoate, paliperidone palmitate, and risperidone

cLAI included aripiprazole monohydrate, fluphenazine decanoate, haloperidol decanoate, olanzapine pamoate, paliperidone palmitate, and risperidone microspheres

dLAI included aripiprazole, olanzapine, paliperidone palmitate, and risperidone

eLAI included aripiprazole, fluphenazine decanoate, haloperidol decanoate, olanzapine, paliperidone palmitate, and risperidone

fThe study used both PSM and IPTW as method of adjustment. IPTW results are presented here

gLAI included fluphenazine, haloperidol, paliperidone, and risperidone

hJoshi, 2018 (1): Humana Research Database; Yan, 2018: Truven Health MarketScan Medicaid, commercial, and supplemental Medicare databases; Lafeuille, 2015: Premier Perspective Comparative Hospital Database; Offord, 2013: MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicare Supplemental

iLAI included aripiprazole

jLAI included fluphenazine, haloperidol, and risperidone

kLAI included aripiprazole and paliperidone palmitate

lLAI included risperidone and paliperidone palmitate