Table 2.
Studies of uterine tissue engineering using decellularized scaffolds
| Scaffold material | Scaffold size | Decellularized method | Decellularized reagent | Recellularization cells | Recellularization method | Cell culture time in vitro | Histological tests in vivo | Target species | Target tissue | Target size | Graft size | Pregnancy test | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human myometrium Rat myometrium | 2 × 2 × 10 mm (human), 15 × 20 mm (rat) | Immersion with shaking | Ethanol and trypsin | Human and rat myocytes | Cultured on scaffold with shaking | 51 days | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Young et al., 2013 [81] |
| Rat full thickness uterus | Whole uterus | Perfusion via the aorta | SDS | Rat neonatal uterine cells + rat adult uterine cells + rat MSCs | Injected to whole uterine wall | 10 days | 90 days | Rat | Full thickness | 1.5 cm (length) × 1/2 of the total circumference | 1.5 × 0.5 cm | 28 days | Miyazaki et al., 2014 [82] |
| Rat full thickness uterus | Whole uterus | Perfusion via the aorta | SDS | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 weeks | Rat | Full thickness | 1.5 cm (length) × 1/2 of the total circumference | 1.5 × 0.5 cm | 8 weeks | Miki et al., 2019 [83] |
| Rat small intestine | 15 mm (length) (intestine) | Immersion with shaking | SDS | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 weeks | Rat | Full thickness | 1.5 cm (length) × 1/2 of the total circumference | 1.5 × 0.5 cm | 8 weeks | Miki et al., 2019 [83] |
| Rat full thickness uterus | 15 × 5 mm | Immersion | SDS, Triton X-100 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 30 days | Rat | Full thickness | 15 × 5 mm | 15 × 5 mm | 30 days | Santoso et al., 2014 [84] |
| Rat full thickness uterus | 15 × 5 mm | High hydrostatic pressure | Saline solution only | N/A | N/A | N/A | 30 days | Rat | Full thickness | 15 × 5 mm | 15 × 5 mm | 30 days | Santoso et al., 2014 [84] |
| Mouse full thickness uterus | 10 × 2 mm, 5 × 2 mm | Immersion | SDS | N/A | N/A | N/A | 28 days | Mouse | Full thickness | 5 × 2 mm | 5 × 2,10 × 2 mm (pregnancy test) | 30 days | Hiraoka et al., 2016 [85] |
| Rat full thickness uterus | Whole uterus | Perfusion via the aorta, only perfusion | DMSO + triton X-100, SDC | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Hellström et al., 2014 [86] |
| Rat full thickness uterus | Whole uterus | Perfusion via the aorta + freeze-thaw | DMSO + triton X-100 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Hellström et al., 2014 [86] |
| Rat full thickness uterus | Whole uterus | Perfusion via the aorta | DMSO + triton X-100, SDC | Rat endometrial and myometrial cells + rat MSCs | Injected to 20 × 5 mm patch | 3 days | 3 months | Rat | Full thickness | 10 × 5 mm | 10 × 5 mm | 6 weeks | Hellström et al., 2016 [87] |
| Sheep full thickness uterus | Whole uterus | Perfusion via the uterine artery | SDS + DNase, SDC + DNase, SDC + Triton X-100 + DNase | Sheep fetal bone marrow stem cells | Injected to the ring shape scaffold | 14 days (0.3–0.5 mm in thickness, ring shape) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Tiemann et al., 2020 [88] |
| Human amniotic membrane + poly (ester urethane) | N/A | Immersion | Triton X-100 + DNase Hypertonic saline + DNase, Lipase + DNase, Triton X-100 + lipase + DNase | Rabbit esophageal smooth muscle cells (in vitro only) | Cultured on the scaffold | 10 days (6.4 mm in diameter, punched) | 10 months | Rabbit | Uterus (thickness is unknown) | N/A | 1 × 1 cm | N/A | Shi et al., 2015 [89] |
| Porcine full thickness uterus | Whole uterus | Perfusion via the uterine artery ± freeze-thaw | SDS | Human endometrial stromal and epithelial side population cells | Cultured on the scaffold | 12 days (5 mm in diameter, punched) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Campo et al., 2017 [93] |
| Rabbit uterus | Whole uterus | Perfusion via the uterine artery | SDC + Triton X-100 + DNase | Rabbit embryo (as an implantation model) | Cultured on the hydrogel derived from the powder of the decellularized endometrium | 48 hours | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Campo et al., 2019 [94] |
| Human endometrium | ~1–2 cm2 × 0.5 mm | Immersion with shaking | SDS + Triton X-100 + ribonuclease + DNase | Human endometrial cells | Cultured on the scaffold with insert | 28 days (8 mm in diameter, punched × 0.5 mm in thickness) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Olalekan et al., 2017 [95] |
| Human amniotic membrane | N/A | Immersion with stirring | EDTA | Rat oral mucosal epithelial cells | Cultured on the scaffold | N/A | 28 days | Rat | Endometrium | Scraped (N/A) | N/A | N/A | Chen et al., 2018 [90] |
| Human amniotic membrane | N/A | Immersion with stirring | EDTA | N/A | N/A | N/A | 28 days | Rat | Endometrium | Scraped (N/A) | N/A | N/A | Chen et al., 2019 [91] |
| Human amniotic membrane | 2.5 × 2.5 cm | Immersion | EDTA | Rat oral mucosal epithelial cells | Cultured on the scaffold | 10 days | 28 days | Rat | Endometrium | Scraped (N/A) | N/A | 28 days | Chen et al., 2019 [92] |
| Sheep full thickness uterus | Whole uterus | Perfusion via the uterine artery perfusion + shaking | SDS + Triton X-100, DMSO + Triton X-100 (perfusion only), SDS (perfusion + shaking) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 10 days | Rat | Full thickness | 10 mm longitudinal incision only | 10 × 5 × 5 mm | N/A | Daryabari et al., 2019 [96] |
| Rabbit uterus | Whole uterus | Immersion with shaking | SDS + Triton X-100 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells | Cultured on the scaffold (1 × 1 cm) | 48 hours | 90 days | Rat | Subcutaneous and uterus full thickness | 1 cm (length) | 1 cm (length) | N/A | Yao et al., 2020 [97] |
| Rat uterus | Segment cut into | Immersion with shaking | SDS + Triton X-100 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 days | Rat | Endometrium | N/A | 50 μL of the aloe-poloxamer hydrogel with ECM nanoparticles and E2 | N/A | Yao et al., 2020 [98] |