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. 2021 Apr 7;28(6):1596–1611. doi: 10.1007/s43032-021-00503-8

Table 2.

Studies of uterine tissue engineering using decellularized scaffolds

Scaffold material Scaffold size Decellularized method Decellularized reagent Recellularization cells Recellularization method Cell culture time in vitro Histological tests in vivo Target species Target tissue Target size Graft size Pregnancy test References
Human myometrium Rat myometrium 2 × 2 × 10 mm (human), 15 × 20 mm (rat) Immersion with shaking Ethanol and trypsin Human and rat myocytes Cultured on scaffold with shaking 51 days N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Young et al., 2013 [81]
Rat full thickness uterus Whole uterus Perfusion via the aorta SDS Rat neonatal uterine cells + rat adult uterine cells + rat MSCs Injected to whole uterine wall 10 days 90 days Rat Full thickness 1.5 cm (length) × 1/2 of the total circumference 1.5 × 0.5 cm 28 days Miyazaki et al., 2014 [82]
Rat full thickness uterus Whole uterus Perfusion via the aorta SDS N/A N/A N/A 8 weeks Rat Full thickness 1.5 cm (length) × 1/2 of the total circumference 1.5 × 0.5 cm 8 weeks Miki et al., 2019 [83]
Rat small intestine 15 mm (length) (intestine) Immersion with shaking SDS N/A N/A N/A 8 weeks Rat Full thickness 1.5 cm (length) × 1/2 of the total circumference 1.5 × 0.5 cm 8 weeks Miki et al., 2019 [83]
Rat full thickness uterus 15 × 5 mm Immersion SDS, Triton X-100 N/A N/A N/A 30 days Rat Full thickness 15 × 5 mm 15 × 5 mm 30 days Santoso et al., 2014 [84]
Rat full thickness uterus 15 × 5 mm High hydrostatic pressure Saline solution only N/A N/A N/A 30 days Rat Full thickness 15 × 5 mm 15 × 5 mm 30 days Santoso et al., 2014 [84]
Mouse full thickness uterus 10 × 2 mm, 5 × 2 mm Immersion SDS N/A N/A N/A 28 days Mouse Full thickness 5 × 2 mm 5 × 2,10 × 2 mm (pregnancy test) 30 days Hiraoka et al., 2016 [85]
Rat full thickness uterus Whole uterus Perfusion via the aorta, only perfusion DMSO + triton X-100, SDC N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Hellström et al., 2014 [86]
Rat full thickness uterus Whole uterus Perfusion via the aorta + freeze-thaw DMSO + triton X-100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Hellström et al., 2014 [86]
Rat full thickness uterus Whole uterus Perfusion via the aorta DMSO + triton X-100, SDC Rat endometrial and myometrial cells + rat MSCs Injected to 20 × 5 mm patch 3 days 3 months Rat Full thickness 10 × 5 mm 10 × 5 mm 6 weeks Hellström et al., 2016 [87]
Sheep full thickness uterus Whole uterus Perfusion via the uterine artery SDS + DNase, SDC + DNase, SDC + Triton X-100 + DNase Sheep fetal bone marrow stem cells Injected to the ring shape scaffold 14 days (0.3–0.5 mm in thickness, ring shape) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Tiemann et al., 2020 [88]
Human amniotic membrane + poly (ester urethane) N/A Immersion Triton X-100 + DNase Hypertonic saline + DNase, Lipase + DNase, Triton X-100 + lipase + DNase Rabbit esophageal smooth muscle cells (in vitro only) Cultured on the scaffold 10 days (6.4 mm in diameter, punched) 10 months Rabbit Uterus (thickness is unknown) N/A 1 × 1 cm N/A Shi et al., 2015 [89]
Porcine full thickness uterus Whole uterus Perfusion via the uterine artery ± freeze-thaw SDS Human endometrial stromal and epithelial side population cells Cultured on the scaffold 12 days (5 mm in diameter, punched) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Campo et al., 2017 [93]
Rabbit uterus Whole uterus Perfusion via the uterine artery SDC + Triton X-100 + DNase Rabbit embryo (as an implantation model) Cultured on the hydrogel derived from the powder of the decellularized endometrium 48 hours N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Campo et al., 2019 [94]
Human endometrium ~1–2 cm2 × 0.5 mm Immersion with shaking SDS + Triton X-100 + ribonuclease + DNase Human endometrial cells Cultured on the scaffold with insert 28 days (8 mm in diameter, punched × 0.5 mm in thickness) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Olalekan et al., 2017 [95]
Human amniotic membrane N/A Immersion with stirring EDTA Rat oral mucosal epithelial cells Cultured on the scaffold N/A 28 days Rat Endometrium Scraped (N/A) N/A N/A Chen et al., 2018 [90]
Human amniotic membrane N/A Immersion with stirring EDTA N/A N/A N/A 28 days Rat Endometrium Scraped (N/A) N/A N/A Chen et al., 2019 [91]
Human amniotic membrane 2.5 × 2.5 cm Immersion EDTA Rat oral mucosal epithelial cells Cultured on the scaffold 10 days 28 days Rat Endometrium Scraped (N/A) N/A 28 days Chen et al., 2019 [92]
Sheep full thickness uterus Whole uterus Perfusion via the uterine artery perfusion + shaking SDS + Triton X-100, DMSO + Triton X-100 (perfusion only), SDS (perfusion + shaking) N/A N/A N/A 10 days Rat Full thickness 10 mm longitudinal incision only 10 × 5 × 5 mm N/A Daryabari et al., 2019 [96]
Rabbit uterus Whole uterus Immersion with shaking SDS + Triton X-100 Human umbilical vein endothelial cells Cultured on the scaffold (1 × 1 cm) 48 hours 90 days Rat Subcutaneous and uterus full thickness 1 cm (length) 1 cm (length) N/A Yao et al., 2020 [97]
Rat uterus Segment cut into Immersion with shaking SDS + Triton X-100 N/A N/A N/A 7 days Rat Endometrium N/A 50 μL of the aloe-poloxamer hydrogel with ECM nanoparticles and E2 N/A Yao et al., 2020 [98]